篇章翻译学习.pptx

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1、一、什么是篇章篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇）篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）第1页/共85页语篇指不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。因此语篇衔接手段自然成为篇章研究的重要对象之一。衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。衔接和连贯是当前篇章语言学（textual

2、linguistics）和话语分析(discourse analysis)研究的重点和热点。第2页/共85页英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用“临摹”的办法，按照源语的发展思路，在译语中复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组”（logic copying）。由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在广泛的差异，汉译互译时往往需要进行“逻辑重组”(logic reshuffling)第3页/共85页二、衔接与连贯(cohesion and coherence)衔接是篇章的有形网络连贯是篇章的无形网络。第4页/共85页Cohesive ties 衔接手段

3、Cohesion markers 连贯标记第5页/共85页Halliday&Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类：照应 reference替代 substitution省略 ellipsis连接 conjunction 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion 第6页/共85页另一种分类法：陈宏薇I.指称衔接（照应）co-reference anaphora II.结构衔接 structural cohesionIII.词汇衔接 lexical cohesion IV.语音衔接 phonetic cohesion第7页/共85页I.I.指称衔接u

4、按指称范围分：1.语外照应（外指）exophoric reference2.语内照应 (内指）endophoric reference 1)前照应（回指）anaphoric reference 2)后照应（下指）cataphoric reference 第8页/共85页例子：张明是我的朋友。(外指，张明存在于客观世界之中)张明是我的一个朋友。他是西安人。（内指，“他”回指“张明”）他在那边！张明。（内指，“他”下指“张明”）（言者手指一件教具）那是你做的吗？这件事我不清楚，我不知道他是否参加了那次会议。（内指）他参加了那次会议？这我不清楚。（内指）第9页/共85页按指称手段分：1.人称照应2.

5、指示照应3.比较照应第10页/共85页人称照应人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they,she,him 等）、所属限定词（如his,your,its 等）,和所属代词（hers,theirs，mine 等）来实现。英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。第11页/共85页孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。（孔乙己）Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing.He was a b

6、ig man,strangely pallid,with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face.He had a large unkept beard,streaked with white.Although he wore a long gown,it was dirty and tattered,and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years.(Tr.Yang Xianyi&Gladys Yang)第12页/共85页每年农历十二月

7、二十以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。第13页/共85页Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month,inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival.They would sweep their houses clean,flickering every bit of dust off the furnitur

8、e.After that they begin to prepare various foods:steamed New Year cakes,fried beans,fired sweet potato chips,and baked rice cookies.On the 25th and 26th of the month,households start their“New Year Thanks-giving”rites to pay homage to their ancestors.第14页/共85页那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子，我从北京到徐州，打算

9、跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。父亲说：“事已如此，不必难过，好在天无绝人之路！”（朱自清 背影）In that winter,my grandma died and my father lost his job.I left for Xuzhou to join him in hastening home to attend my grandmas funeral.When I met him in Xuzhou,the sight of disorderly mess in our courtyard and the thought t

10、o my grandma started tears trickling down my cheeks.He said,“Now that things have come to such a mess,its no use crying.Fortunately,heaven always leaves one a way out.”(张培基 译)第15页/共85页指示照应指示照应指说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近(proximity)来确定所指对象。王治奎（270页）：“汉语的这和那以及英语中的this和that 都常用于指示照应粘连，在语义上基本相同，但指称功能却大不一样。汉语的这往

11、往起一种化远为近的作用，其功能负荷量大于那，因此使用频率也高于那。而在英语中却恰恰相反。”第16页/共85页“这倒难以说定。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅，就得了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨，又有一位工业界的巨头；这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。”（子夜）“Its a tall order,your question.But you can find an answer in the next room.There you have a successful financier and a captain of industry.That little drawing room is Chinese

12、 society in miniature.”(Tr.Sidney Shapiro)第17页/共85页这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。（袁运甫 我所认识的吴冠中及其绘画）The painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainment;it expresses a sense of history by using specific modern artistic vocabulary.第18页/共85页稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛

13、满了水。（贾平凹 丑石）The only thing that had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit on top of it,which is filled with water on rainy days.这种力，是一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现(夏衍野草）It is an invisible force of life.So long as there is life,the force will show itself.第19页/共85页比较照应比较照应指通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其它一些有

14、比较意义的词语（如same,so,as,such,differently,other,otherwise 等）表示的照应关系。比较照应在语篇中起上下承接的作用。因为任何比较至少要涉及两个实体或事态，语篇中如果有表达比较意义的词语出现，会话参与者或读者便会在上下文中寻找与其构成比较关系的其它词语。比较照应的语篇衔接功能就是这样发挥作用的。第20页/共85页例1：Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket money,and Bob receives a similar amount.例2：天空中积满了灰色的云块，呆滞滞的不动。他脸上的气色和天空差不多。第21页/

15、共85页那蹲着的黑影一面抱怨这天气：“真冷呀，先生，你说是不是？”看见他并不是个讨厌的老头子，便高兴地说道：“乡下怕更要冷些吧？”（艾芜 冬夜）“Its really cold here,“he complained.“what do you think,sir?”Seeing that he was not too nasty an old man,I readily responded:“It must be colder in the country,Im afraid.”第22页/共85页零式指称（zero anaphora)零式指称的基本概念是在语篇中本该出现的指称词被省略了。汉语使

16、用零式指称远比英语多；汉语的零式指称不受句法限制。（Li&Thompson,1979)第23页/共85页一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts,had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing.第24页/共85页汉语没有定冠词，英语则可以用定冠词来照应。他拿起作文念起来，“我们学校最美的地方，不是教室，不是操场，也不是校门口那个带喷水的小花坛，而是食堂。瞧，玻璃干净得叫你看不见它的存在-“洋教师念到这儿 (冯骥才：西式幽默)He picked up the composition and

17、 began to read,“The most beautiful spot on campus is not the classroom building,nor the sports-ground,nor the lawn with the fountain at the gate;the most beautiful spot on campus is our cafeteria.Look!The window panes are so clean that you scarcely notice there is glass in the”He paused,(刘士聪 Western

18、 Humor)第25页/共85页1.语境意识还是从火车上说起吧！大约在我四岁多的时候，我坐过火车。当时带我坐火车的人，是我的舅舅，叫张全斌。Lets begin with the train.Lets start from the train.Lets begin from the time when I was on the train.应该译为：Let me begin with my trip on the train.第26页/共85页2.文化意识我现在对我原来的父母还有个模糊不清的印象关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道这一些，再多一点都记不起来了。(My parents)(This is

19、 what I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember much else.)杭州六合塔和西安大雁塔(Six Harmonies Pagoda;Big Wild Goose Pagoda)北海公园白塔是藏式佛塔，即喇嘛塔 （White Dagoba)第27页/共85页II.结构衔接结构衔接指信息结构之间的衔接，可通过主位述位结构或替代、省略、对偶、排比、对照、顶针、回环、层递、反复等修辞格实现。第28页/共85页替代替代指用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文出现的词语。它的语义要从所替代的成分去索引。Hallid

20、ay 和 Hasan把替代分成三类，即名词性替代，动词性替代和从句性替代。第29页/共85页名词替代我能看看那条围巾吗？可以。哪一条？红的还是黑的？May I have a look at that scarf?Yes.Which one?The red or the black one？瞧那晚霞，我没见过比这更红的了。Look at the sunset glow.I have never seen a redder one than that.第30页/共85页那声声燃放的鞭炮是辞旧迎新的欢呼。新世纪的新年，就在这欢跃的气氛中，一下子走近了。The exploding firecracke

21、rs bid farewell to the passing year and cheered for the coming of a new one.The centennial New Year is just around the corner clothed in the delightful mood.第31页/共85页动词替代She sings better than she did last year.John drinks a lot.Does his brother do so?谁原意和我们一起打篮球？我不干。Whod like to play basketball with

22、 us?No,I wont.第32页/共85页关于汉语的动词性替代，王力认为“这么着”具有替代功能，赵元任这认为汉语中最常见的替代动词为“来”。黛玉便说道：“你既这么说，为什么我去了你不叫丫头开门呢？”宝玉诧异道：“这话从哪里说起？我要是这么着立刻就死了。”“你画的不像，等我来。”第33页/共85页子句替代他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟。你怎么也这样呢？Theyve always made a mess of the room.Why have you,too?第34页/共85页省略我想买一套家具。买大连出的（家具）吧！I want to buy a set of furniture.Buy on

23、e(set of furniture)made in Dalian.我们到那儿去春游？（我们）到云台山（去春游）Where shall we go for a spring outing?(Well go to)Yuntai Mountain(for a spring outing)你决定了毕业后去西藏工作吗？当然！（我决定了毕业后去西藏工作。）Have you made up your mind to work in Tibet after graduation?Sure!(I have made up my mind to work in Tibet after graduation.)第

24、35页/共85页工业园区土地使用权转让的成本价目前为每亩16万人民币，年内，对符合国家产业导向，规模大、科技含量高的外商投资项目，按照每100万美元用10亩土地的比例，给予特殊价格优惠，其中注册资本在100万美元到300万美元的，每亩地价为8万元人民币；300万美元到500万美元的，每亩地价为7万元人民币；500万到1000万美元的，每亩地价为6万元人民币；1000万美元以上的每亩地价为5万元人民币。第36页/共85页Currently the cost of land use transfer in the Zone is charged at the ratio of 160 thousa

25、nd yuan per Chinese mu,whereas before the end of the year,the price will be lowered down to 1 million US dollars every 10 mu for those large and technology-intensive foreign projects that are run in compliance with the industrial orientation of the country.第37页/共85页As regards those conglomerates wit

26、h a registered capital ranging from 1 million()to 3 million US dollars,the price is 80 thousand yuan per mu,()70 thousand yuan for those with that from 3 million()to 5 million(),60 thousand()for those from 5 to 10 million()and 50 thousand()for those over 10 million().第38页/共85页以往过年都是打发小孩一点钱，现在可不这样了。I

27、n the past,they would dismiss the kids with some money as a gift for the lunar New Year,but not()nowadays.第39页/共85页外商在开发区的投资越来越多，进出口贸易也随之增加。Foreign investment are on the rise in the Empowerment Zone,so are imports and exports.第40页/共85页去年有50个社区获“文明社区”称号，今年又将有20个社区获此殊荣。Last year 50 communities were na

28、med as“civilized community”;this year,20 more()will be given the title.第41页/共85页修辞手段虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（对偶）Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？(排比）Swallows fly away,yet return;willows wither,yet burgeon again;

29、peach-blossom fades,yet blooms afresh.But tell me,you who are wise,why do our days depart never to return?第42页/共85页大红花一朵朵全被拉长了，这时是泼刺奔进的红锦带。带织入狗中，狗织入白云中。白云织入村女中(顶针）Each of the great crimson flowers stretched out now into rippling red silk belts.The belts interwove with the dogs,the dogs with the whit

30、e clouds,and the white clouds with the country girls.鲁迅好的故事第43页/共85页回环（palindrome)回环又称回文，“是利用相同的词汇，造成词序回环往复的语句，表现两种事物或情理的相互依存或相互排斥的辨证关系。”我为人人，人人为我。人不犯我，我不犯人。常相知才能不相疑，不相疑才能常相知。路人行上行人路，居士隐留隐士居。雾锁山头山锁雾，天连水尾水连天。雁飞平顶山，山顶平飞雁；僧游云隐寺，寺隐云游僧。第44页/共85页No X in Nixon.You can cage a swallow,cant you?But you cant s

31、wallow a cage,can you?Wont lovers revolt now?Poor Dan is in a droop.Niagara,O roar again!Live not on evil!Step on no pets.Name no one man.Nurses run.Able was I ere I saw Elba.Ma is as selfless as I am.第45页/共85页层递（climax)、反复（repetition)一年，两年，三年，你的望眼将穿，一年，两年，三年，我的归心似箭。Year in year out youve been looki

32、ng forward with eager expectation to my home-coming;year in year out Ive been looking forward with great anxiety to returning home.将光慈 写给母亲 李定坤译第46页/共85页 登鹳雀楼 白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 Mounting the Stork Tower The white sun sets behind the mountains,The Yellow River flows into the sea.Go further up on

33、e flight of stairs,And youll widen your view a thousand li.第47页/共85页连接关系“Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly,by virtue of their specific meanings;they are not primarily devices for reaching out into the proceeding(or following)text,but they express certain meanings whi

34、ch presupposes the presence of other elements in the discourse.”(Halliday&Hasan,1976:226)第48页/共85页连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，“人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。（胡壮麟，1994：92）第49页/共85页廖秋忠（1992：86-87）的分类表示添加信息：and,also,too,furthermore,besides,moreover,in addition,what is more 表示因果关系：because,for,For

35、 this reason,Since,as a result,thus,therefore,so,consequently,of course,accordingly表示文章意义的转折或对比：although,however,on the contrary,still,but,otherwise,despite,nevertheless,though,in fact,on the other hand,as a matter of fact第50页/共85页表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first,second,third after this/that,meanwhile,suddenly,

36、and so on,then,before,next,formerly,later,finally,in the end,at last表示列举：firstly,secondly,for one thing,for another;first of all,to begin with,then,last,in conclusion,last of all,to conclude表示举例、解释：for example,for instance,that is,namely,to illustrate表示总结：in short,to sum up,in conclusion,briefly,on

37、the whole,to conclude,to summarize第51页/共85页本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。第52页/共85页It has been more than 20 years since I started my career in Hong Kong,where I have weathered through various hardships.My modest achievements in business also go along

38、with multitudinous pains and tears.As a result,every time when I return to my hometown,where I am given warm receptions by the local government leaders,my heart will be over flown with tenderness and affection,for it gives me a feeling of home.第53页/共85页忙到除夕夜才松口气。全家团圆，坐下来吃“年夜饭”。All the preparations a

39、re not completed until the lunar New Years Eve,when all the family members sit down around the table to enjoy the“New Years Eve dinner.”第54页/共85页 我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转的火焰，心里重温起少年的愉悦。I love gazing upon kids chasing the spinning fireworks,as it reminds me of my teenage glees.第55页/共85页 在生活越来越富足的今天，越来越多的长辈选择“压岁书

40、”作为送给孩子们的过年礼物。连日来市里各大书店门庭若市，少儿类图书的销售量直线上升。Today with more and more people living a better-off life,seniors in the family would give books to the children as a lunar New Year gift.As a result,in the past few days,people have beating a path to the big bookstores in the city and sales volumes for vario

41、us childrens books have increased by large margins.第56页/共85页许多人因此学会了用手势表达简单的日常用语，现在如果有手持纸条的聋哑人前来乘车，问讯处的同志能用哑语回答。Many staff members have thus learned to put simple daily exchanges into gestures.People working at the information desk,for example,are able to use the languages to answer inquires from th

42、ose deaf-mutes who still have slips of paper clutched in their hands.第57页/共85页为此，本市将继续以集装箱运输为主攻方向，开发穿山、大榭和梅山深水岸线。To accomplish the goal,the city will continue to concentrate its efforts on developing its container shipment and at the same time open up a deep-water shipment route connecting Chuanshan

43、,Daxie and Meishan.第58页/共85页III.词汇衔接词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、同现等词汇间的语义关系来实现语篇连贯。运用这些词可以产生很强的粘合力，形成一张“词汇网”(lexicon network),赋予语篇连贯性。分为两大类：1.复现(reiteration)2.同现(collocation)第59页/共85页1.复现（同词重复或异词重复）1)原词复现 2)同义词或近义词复现 （synonyms&antonyms)3)上义词和下义词 复现 (superordinate&subordinate)概括词 general word 具体词 specif

44、ic word第60页/共85页原词复现During all the years of my life,until that moment,I had carried the menacing,the hostile killing world with me everywhere.No matter what I was doing or saying or feeling,one eye had always been on the world-that world which I had learnt to distrust almost as soon as I learnt my n

45、ame,that world on which I knew one could never turn ones back,the white mans world.(This Morning,This Evening,So Soon by James Baldwin)第61页/共85页汉语中重复运用某一词的情况很多，翻译时应注意适当调整。老金奔过去一看，原来是一只不到500克重的羽毛刚长齐的猫头鹰。他把猫头鹰小心翼翼装进笼子里，然后骑自行车送往离家7.5 公里的城区林业局。林业局的工作人员把猫头鹰放归大自然。第62页/共85页Lao Jin hastened over and found i

46、t was a young fledgling owl no more than 500 grams in weight.He picked the bird up and placed it into a cage with much care.Then he cycled the bird all the way to the Municipal Forestry Bureau,7.5 kilometers off his home.There the staff members set the creature free into the embrace of the forest.第6

47、3页/共85页乡镇工业园区已经成为我市乡镇企业“二次创业”的有效载体，极大地改善了企业的发展环境。目前已有3772家企业进驻园区。Township industrial parks provide solid vehicles for the citys enterprises in running new businesses and greatly improve the setting for the development of such entities.So far,3772 establishments have found home in these quarters.第64页

48、/共85页同义词和近义词复现We observe today not a victory of party,but a celebration of freedom-symbolizing an end,as well as a beginning-signifying renewal,as well as change.(Inaugural Address by John Kennedy)第65页/共85页孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道：“窃书不能算偷窃书读书人的事，能算偷么？”At that Kong Yiji would flush,the veins on his fo

49、rehead standing out as he protested,“Taking books cant be counted as stealing Taking books for a scholar cant be counted as stealing.”王治奎：汉英翻译教程第73页 建议将“窃”与“偷”这对同现词分别译作“stealing”和“theft”，以充分传达其概念的同一性。修辞效果更好。充分表现了孔乙己违反同一律，窘迫至极、强词夺理的心态。第66页/共85页上下义词复现We trotted(run with short steps 小步快跑)on,we crept(mo

50、ve slowly,quietly or stealthily,esp crouching low 慢慢地 悄悄地或偷偷地移动（尤指弯着腰走）)up Constitution Hill,we rattled down(rattle along,off,past,etc move with a rattling sound 移动时发出嘈杂声)into Lamas Street,and the tailor still rang his bell and a dragon,squealing(make a squeal 发出长而尖的声音),in front of his wheels.As we