(25)--7.1国际经济学双语讲稿.docx

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1、Pl Our attention so far has been on the international flow of goods and services. However, some of the most dramatic changes in the world economy have been due to the international flow of factors of production, comprising labor and capital. Productive factors move when they are permitted to from na

2、tions where they are abundant (low productivity) to nations where they are scarce (high productivity). Productive factors flow in response to differences in returns (such as wages and yields on capital) as long as these are more than outweigh the cost of moving from one country to another. This sect

3、ion analyzes the international mobility of labor as a substitute for trade in labor intensive products.P2 &P3 Historically the United States has been a favorite target for international migration. Because of its vast inflow of migrants, the United States has been described as the melting pot of the

4、world. Table 7.1 indicates the volume of immigration to the United States from the 1820s to 2008. Western Europe was a major source of immigrants during this era, with Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom among the largest contributors. In recent years, large numbers of Mexicans have migrated to t

5、he United States as well as people from Asia. Migrants have been motivated by better economic opportunities and noneconomic factors such as politics, war, and religion.P4 Although international labor movements can enhance the world economys efficiency, they are often restricted by government control

6、s. The United States, like most countries, limits immigration. Following waves of immigration at the turn of the century, the Immigration Act of 1924 was enacted. Besides restricting the overall flow of immigrants to the United States, the act implemented a quota that limited the number of immigrant

7、s from each foreign country.P5 We use a simple supply and demand model in figure 7.1 to illustrate the economics of labor migration. Assume the world consists of two countries, the United States and Mexico that are initially in isolation. The horizontal axes denote the total quantity of labor in the

8、 United States and Mexico, and the vertical axes depict the wages paid to labor. For each country, the demand schedule for labor is designated by the value of the marginal product (VMP) of labor. Also assume that both the United States and Mexico have a fixed labor supply.At first, supply and demand

9、 in the U.S. labor market determined wages higher than in Mexico. Suppose labor can move freely between Mexico and the United States and assume that migration is costless and occurs solely in response to wage differentials. Because U.S. wage rates are relatively high, there is an incentive for Mexic

10、an workers to migrate to the United States and compete in the U.S. labor market; this process will continue until the wage differential is eliminated.P6+P5 Mexican workers earn less than American workers, which means their productivity, or marginal product of labor, is lower. When Mexican workers im

11、migrate to the United States, their wages increase, which means their output increases. As a result, migration increases total world output.批注李1：到目前为止，我们的注意力一直集中在国际 货物和服务（产品）流动上。然而，世界经济中一些最 引人注目的变化是包括劳动力和资本在内的生产要素 的国际流动。当生产要素被允许从它们丰富（低生产率） 的国家转移到它们贫乏（高生产率）的国家时，它们就会 移动。只要生产要素在两国之间转移的回报（如工资和 资本收益率）差异大

12、于成本，它们就会因而流动。本节 分析劳动力作为劳动密集型产品贸易的替代品的国际 流动性。批注李2:历史上，美国一直是国际移民的首选目标。 由于大量移民的涌入，美国被称为世界的大熔炉。表 7.1显示19世纪20年代至2008年美国的移民人数。 西欧是这一时期移民的主要来源，德国、意大利和联合 王国是最大的移民来源国。近年来，大量墨西哥人和亚 洲人移民到美国。移民的动力来自更好的经济机会和政 治、战争和宗教等非经济因素。批注李3:虽然国际劳工流动可以提高世界经济的效 率，但往往受到政府管制的限制。和大多数国家一样， 美国也限制移民。在世纪之交的移民潮之后，美国在 1924年颁布了移民法。除了限制移

13、民总体流入美国， 该法案还实施了一种配额，限制每个外国的移民数量。批注李4:我们在图7.1中使用了一个简单的供求模型 来说明劳动力迁移的经济学原理。假设世界上有两个国 家，美国和墨西哥，它们最初是孤立的。横轴表示美国 和墨西哥的劳动力总量，纵轴表示支付给劳动力的工资C 对于每个国家，劳动需求表是由劳动的边际产值（VMP） 来确定的。另外假设美国和墨西哥都有固定的劳动力供 应。批注李5:起初，美国劳动力市场的供求关系决定了其 工资高于墨西哥。假设劳动力可以在墨西哥和美国之间 自由流动，并假设移民的成本很低，可以忽略不记，所 以移民只考虑工资差异。由于美国的工资水平相对较高, 墨西哥工人有动力移民

14、到美国，在美国劳动力市场上竞 争;这一过程将继续下去，直到工资差别消除为止。批注李6:墨西哥工人的收入低于美国工人，这意味着 他们的生产率，或者说劳动的边际产品（价值）更低。 当墨西哥工人移民到美国，他们的工资增加，这意味着 他们的产出增加。因此，移民增加了世界总产出。For Mexicos labor market, immigration to the United States means a reduction in the supply of labor, thereby equilibrium wage increases. In the United States, labor

15、supply increases and equilibrium wages decrease. So, from a wage perspective alone,immigration hurts native American workers and benefits native Mexican workers.P7 However, Mexican capital owners lose because less labor is available with their capital. Although immigration may lower wage rates for s

16、ome native U.S. workers, it should also be noted that these lower wage rates benefit U.S. producers. Lower wage rates also result in lower equilibrium product prices, thereby benefiting consumers. From societys perspective, the gains from immigration to producers and consumers should be weighed agai

17、nst the losses to low-wage workers. We can conclude that the effect of labor mobility is to increase overall world income and to redistribute income from labor to capital in the United States and from capital to labor in Mexico. Migration has an impact on the distribution of income similar to an inc

18、rease in exports of labor-intensive goods from Mexico to the United States.P8 Are the facts really what the theory says? The National Bureau of Economic Research did an empirical analysis using data on immigrants, mainly from Mexico, between 1980 and 2000. The results show that in the short term, im

19、migration reduces the average wage of American workers by 3%. In the long run, wages depend on supply and demand for capital and labor; and migration has not reduced average wages. But for workers who drop out of high school, wages are still down 5%. Overall, immigration has had only a slight negati

20、ve impact on the wages of Americas lowest-skilled workers.批注李7:对于墨西哥的劳动力市场来说，移民到美国 意味着劳动力供应的减少，从而均衡工资的增加。在美 国，劳动力供给增加，均衡工资下降。因此，仅从工资 的角度来看，移民伤害了美国本土工人，却造福了墨西 哥本土工人。批注李8:然而，墨西哥的资本所有者却因为可用的劳 动力减少而蒙受损失。尽管移民可能会降低一些美国本 土工人的工资水平，但也应该指出，这些低工资水平有 利于美国生产商。较低的工资率也会导致较低的均衡产 品价格，从而使消费者受益。从社会的角度来看，移民 给生产者和消费者带来的

21、收益应该与低工资工人带来 的损失进行权衡。我们可以得出结论，劳动力流动的影 响是增加世界总收入，并在资本所有者和劳动力之间重 新分配收入：在美国，收入从劳动力转移到资本所有者 手中，在墨西哥则相反。移民对收入分配的影响类似于 墨西哥增加对美国的劳动密集型产品出口。批注李9:事实真如理论所说吗?美国国家经济研究局 (NBER)利用1980年至2000年间主要来自墨西哥的移 民数据进行了实证分析。结果显示，在短期内，移民使 美国工人的平均工资下降了 3%o从长远来看，工资取 决于资本和劳动力的供求关系，而移民并没有降低平均 工资。但对于高中辍学的工人来说，工资仍下降了 5%o 总的来说，移民对美国最低技术工人的工资只产生了轻 微的负面影响。关于劳动力跨国流动的问题就讲到这里，感谢观看。