大学英语大学英语 (7).ppt

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1、Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ mainBackground Information Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Background Information _ listBackground Information Stephen Hawking Albert Einstein Frankenstein Before R

2、eadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Stephen _ listStephen Hawking Brief Introduction to Stephen HawkingChronology of Stephen Hawking Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert

3、 Einstein_ listAlbert Einstein(18791955)Monologue of EinsteinAlbert Einsteins Special Theory of RelativityAlbert Einsteins General Theory of Relativity Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Frankenstein _ listFrankenstein A General IntroductionA Clip in

4、the Novel Frankenstein Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Brief Introduction to Stephen HawkingBrief Introduction to Stephen HawkingStephen Hawking(1942):British theoretical physicist and mathematician Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter

5、 ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 1Chronology of Stephen Hawking 1942 1958 1962 Born in Oxford,England.Entered and became especially interested in thermodynamics(热力学热力学),relativity theory,and quantum mechanics(量子力学量子力学).Received a bachelors degree in physics and then e

6、nrolled as a research student in general relativity at the .Oxford University University of CambridgeBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 21966 Earned his Ph.D.degree at the University of Cambridge.Stayed at the University

7、of Cambridge to do post-doctoral research.Diagnosed as having Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS)(肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化).“I am quite often asked:How do you feel about having ALS?The answer is,not a lot.I try to lead as normal a life as possible,and not think about my condition,or regret the things it

8、prevents me from doing,which are not that many.”Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 31977 1979 Became a professor of physics.Appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge,a post once held by Isaac Newton.This is

9、 a picture of Stephen Hawking,“Isaac Newton”and“Albert Einstein”.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Chronology of Stephen Hawking 41988 19931996 Published his famous book A Brief History of Time:From the Big Bang to Black Holes.Wrote Black Holes and B

10、aby Universes and Other Essays.Co-authored a book with Sir Roger Penrose titled The Nature of Space and Time.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Oxford University _ pictureOxford University Chronology of Stephen Hawking Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDeta

11、iled ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ University of Cambridge_ pictureUniversity of CambridgeChronology of Stephen Hawking Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 1Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking sing

12、ularityA point in space-time at which the space-time curvature(曲率曲率)becomes infinite.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary Readingmisuse v.误用，错用误用，错用turn out 结果是结果是manner n.方式，风格方式，风格entropy n.熵，热力学概念。熵，热力学概念。fatal a.重大的，致命的重大的，致命的motivate v.激发激发irritation n.愤怒愤怒B R

13、_ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 2black hole A region of space-time from which nothing,not even light,can escape.Nothing can escape because gravity is so strong.With the help of the following words and expressions,listen to a recording of more information on black hole.object n.物体物体emit v.放射，吐

14、露放射，吐露the event horizon 事件视界，即黑洞的边界事件视界，即黑洞的边界Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 3A Brief History of TimeOne of his books to make his work accessible to the public.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter

15、ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Main Achievements of Stephen Hawking 4Medal of Freedom Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary Reading By their very definition,black holes are objects which are not supposed to emit anything.It therefore seemed that the area of the ev

16、ent horizon of a black hole could not be regarded as its entropy.In fact in 1972,I wrote a paper on this subject with Brandon Carter and an American colleague Jim Bardeen.We pointed out that,although there were many similarities between entropy and the area of the event horizon,there was this appare

17、ntly fatal difficulty.I must admit that in writing this paper I was motivated partly by irritation with Beckenstein,because I felt he had misused my discovery of the increase of the area of the event horizon.However,it turned out in the end that he was basically correct,though in a manner he had cer

18、tainly not expected.B R _ black hole _ scriptBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Medal of Freedom _ script Persistent in his pursuit of knowledge,Stephen Hawking has unlocked new pathways of discovery and inspired people around the world.He has dedicat

19、ed his life to exploring the fundamental laws that govern the universe,and he has contributed to some of the greatest scientific discoveries of our time.His work has stirred the imagination of experts and lay persons alike.Living with a disability and possessing an uncommon ease of spirit,Stephen Ha

20、wkings attitude and achievements inspire hope,intellectual curiosity,and respect for the tremendous power of science.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Monologue of Einstein 1Monologue of EinsteinAlbert Einstein(18791955)Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDe

21、tailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Monologue of Einstein 2 I was born in Ulm,Germany in 1879.As you may know,1905 was a big year for me.Thats when I turned the world upside down,at least for scientists,with several new ideas.I proposed that space and time had to be looked at in a

22、whole new way that Newtons view of space and time was inaccurate.These ideas became known as the special theory of relativity and introduced the equation E=mc2.Ten years later I presented the general theory of relativity.The general theory showed that gravity is not a force,as Newton had thought.It

23、is instead a curvature(曲曲率率)of the space-time continuum.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 1Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_A.Ti

24、meB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Listen to the recording and choose the best answer.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingAlbert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_B R _ Albert Einsteins Specia

25、l Theory of Relativity 1AAA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 1BAlbert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einste

26、in?_BA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 1CAlbert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_CA.TimeB.MassC.Sp

27、eed of lightD.Length Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 1D1)Which of the following does not change according to Einstein?_DA.TimeB.MassC.Speed of lightD.Length Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity

28、Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 22)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB

29、 R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 2A2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionABefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 2B2)The two spaceships men

30、tioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionBBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 2C2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionCBefore Rea

31、dingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 2D2)The two spaceships mentioned are exactly alike except for _.A.speedB.colorC.massD.motionDBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Alb

32、ert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 33)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.Before R

33、eadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 3A3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spacesh

34、ip.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.ABefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 3B3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time nee

35、ded for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.BBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 3C3)What does th

36、e scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the other spaceship.CBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSuppleme

37、ntary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 3D3)What does the scientist in the spaceship measure?_A.The speed of the spaceship.B.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the spaceship.C.The speed of the other spaceship.D.The time needed for a beam of lights travel in the o

38、ther spaceship.DBefore ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 44)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_A.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appe

39、ars to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 4A4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude

40、?_AA.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert

41、 Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 4B4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_BA.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the

42、red one.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 4C4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_CA.His beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to

43、 come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity 4D4)What did the scientist in the red ship see or conclude?_DA.H

44、is beam of light does not appear to go straight up.B.The beam of light in the blue ship appears to come straight down.C.Time passed more slowly in the red ship.D.The blue ship is shorter than the red one.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary ReadingB R _ Albert Einst

45、eins Special Theory of Relativity _ script1 The most important of Albert Einsteins theories published that year became known as his“Special Theory of Relativity.”He said the speed of light is always the same almost three-hundred-thousand kilometers a second.Where the light is coming from or who is m

46、easuring it does not change the speed.However,he said,time can change.And mass can change.And length can change.They depend on where a person is in relation to an object or an event.Imagine two space vehicles with a scientist travelling in each one.One spaceship is red.One is blue.Except for color,b

47、oth spaceships are exactly alike.They pass one another far out in space.Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary Reading Neither scientist feels that his ship is moving.To each,it seems that the other ship is moving,not his.As they pass at high speed,the scientist in ea

48、ch ship measures how long it takes a beam of light to travel from the floor to the top of his spaceship,hit a mirror and return to the floor.Each spaceship has a window that lets each scientist see the experiment of the other.They begin their experiments at exactly the same moment.The scientist in t

49、he blue ship sees his beam of light go straight up and come straight down.But he sees that the light beam in the red ship does not do this.The red ship is moving so fast that the beam does not appear to go straight up.It forms a path up and down that looks like an upside down“V”.B R _ Albert Einstei

50、ns Special Theory of Relativity _ script2Before ReadingGlobal ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingSupplementary Reading The scientist in the red ship would see exactly the same thing as he watched the experiment by the other scientist.He could say that time passed more slowly in the other ship.Each