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1、题型一阅读理解(词义猜测题)督【专题导航】目录一、考情概述1二、命题特点1三、选项特点2四、链高考探究2五、考法解题能力提升7六、精选考点题型专练13、考情概述词义猜测题是高考阅读理解的必考题型,也是考查考生英语语言能力和思维品质的重要形 式。每套试卷中直接考查词义猜测的试题一般不超过两道。除了直接命题考查词义猜测外, 在阅读理解文章中，有时会有一些生僻的单词或短语，且文中没有附加注释，这时就需要考生 根据上下文猜测词义，从而准确理解文章，这是对词义猜测的一种间接考查。词义猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、词组、句子的本义或延伸义以及代词的指代 意义的能力。要求猜测词义的词一般为动词、名词

2、、形容词或代词等，这些词要么是生僻词, 要么是考生比较熟悉的又有生僻义的词，有时还会要求考生猜测一句话的含义。二、命题特点1 .常考的角度熟词生义，即常用词在特殊语言环境中具有的特殊意义。专业化程度较高的词的含义。幻灯片7生僻词的含义。(4)代词所指代的含义。2 .常见的设问形式方法点拨在猜测熟词的生僻含义时,我们可以依据上下文语境、文章的逻辑关系等来判断正确答案。Weve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail

3、 to get to the top. We cant all get there. Fm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. 52.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. End ones struggle for libert

4、y.B. Waste ones energy taking risks.C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.D. Lose the interest to continue learning.【解析】画线部分中的run out of原本意为”用完;耗尽”,steam原本意为“蒸汽”。此时考生会发现，每个单词都认识,但连在一起就不知所云了。此时可借助逻辑关系来猜测词义。 下文使用了“Im not talking about. Tm talking about”这种暗含转折的表达来解释这个短语 的意思，根据Tm talking about”后面的内容people

5、who have stopped learning on growing”可推 出,画线部分表示“失去了继续学习的兴趣，故选D。方法总结利用逻辑关系猜测词义.同义逻辑关系also, as.as, similarly, and, or, just as, likewise等表示前后意思相同或者相近，我们可利用它们 表示的同义逻辑关系推测生词意思。如：Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends.分析：根据句中的“Like”和匕Iso”可知,Alice和她的妹妹一样喜欢交朋友，由此可推测 gr

6、egarious与”喜欢交朋友”意思相近，意为”合群的谖交朋友的”。1 .反义逻辑关系in contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while, quite the reverse 等常用来表示 前后意思相反，我们可以根据它们表示的反义逻辑关系推断单词或短语的意思。如：Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous.分析：

7、本句通过Unlike将美国和日本进行对比,美国的人口由多个民族组成，根据反义关系推 测homogeneous的意思应是由同类人组成的”。2 .因果逻辑关系也可以借助因果关系来猜测词义。英语中常用的表示因果关系的词或短语有since,as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, owing to, thanks to, on account of, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so/such.that等

8、。 如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.分析：because表明主从句是因果关系,从后面的原因”他不征求别人的意见就作出决定”可以 推测,autocratic的意思为”独裁的，专制的，考法3猜测代词的指代意义命题透视纵观近五年高考阅读理解中的代词指代题可以看出，高考中常考的是人称代词（I, it, them）以及指示代词that的指代对象,2020年新高考I （山东）第9题考查了指示代词 that的指代,

9、2019年全国II第21题考查了人称代词I的指代。方法点拨L文章中的代词it, that, them等通常指代上文提到的人或事物,因此其指代含义也通常在其前的内容中寻找。2 .有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得 出代词所指代的事物。3 .一般来讲，代词指代题不会单纯从语法角度考查指代对象，都需要借助上下文语境以及逻辑 关系来进行猜测。The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally dont flash the same length o

10、f green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30 am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37 am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals

11、 changes.That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection （十字路口）signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the

12、 trouble and cost of travels between work and home.25.What does the underlined word that in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Increased length of green lights.B. The shortened traffic signal cycle.C. Flexible timing of traffic signals.D. Smooth traffic flow on the road.【解析】根据第一段尾句Just like the traffic itself,

13、 the timing of the signals changes”并结合前文可知，华盛顿该地区的交通信号灯会根据交通情况灵活安排红绿灯时间,同时根据画线 词后的“by design”可知,这种灵活时间是专门设计的，故that指的是灵活的交通信号灯时间安 排。故选C。考法4 猜测句子含义命题透视猜测句子含义题是近几年新出现的一种设问方式。一般来讲，画线句中生词不占主导地位,但无法单独通过字面意思理解句子的隐含意义。如2019浙江6月第24题猜测 Money with no strings attached”在文中的含义,2018 全国HI第 32 题猜测more is more”在文中 的含

14、义。方法点拨针对猜测句子含义的试题，考生必须回归原文，将画线句的前后句，甚至前后段进行归纳总结，再将自己理解的意思与选项的意思逐个比较，选出最为接近的选项。解答此类 试题的线索主要有两个:一是上下文语境，二是句子的字面含义。Archeology（考古学）isnt the dusty science which was a generation ago. New technologies that once seemed out of sci-fi are now locating buried traces of buildings and revealing the ruins of cit

15、ies. Now Sarah Parcak and her team are about to take on a new challenge as they focus GlobalXplorer citizen-science project on India. In the future, she hopes other countries will contact her to launch their own satellite surveys. The possibilities are huge. Parcak estimates that there are at least

16、12 million potential archaeological sites yet to be discovered. That means the sky is the limit for her project.11 .What does the underlined sentence The possibilities are huge mean?A. Parcaks project will become successful.B. Few countries will start satellite surveys.C. There will be amazing disco

17、veries in India.D. More archaeological sites will be identified.【解析】根据画线句的前一句In the future, she hopes other countries will contact her to launch their own satellite surveys”可知，将来Parcak希望其他国家会联系她发起他们自己的卫 星调查;根据后句Parcak estimates that there are at least 12 million potential archaeological sites yet to

18、 be discovered”可知,Parcak估计至少有1 200万潜在的古迹遗址有待发现;再根据画 线句本义”可能性很大可知，古迹遗址被发现的可能性是很大的,由此可以推断会有更多的考 古遗址被确认。故选D。六、精选考点题型专练Passage 1语篇类型主题词数难度建议时间记叙文克服对“水”的恐惧356 6分钟At eleven, I decided to learn to swim. There was a pool at the YMCA offering exactly the opportunity. My mother continually warned against it,

19、and kept fresh in my mind the details of each drowning in the river. But the YMCA pool was safe.I had a childhood fear of water. This started when I was three years old and my father took me to the beach. The huge waves knocked me down and swept over me.The pool was quiet. T was afraid of going in a

20、ll alone, so I sat on one side of the pool to wait for others. Then came a big boy. He yelled, Hi, howd you like to be ducked?HWith that he picked me up and threw me into the deep end. I landed in a sitting position, and swallowed water. But I was not frightened out of my wits - when my feet hit the

21、 bottom, I would make a big jump to come out of the surface. It seemed a long way down. I gathered all my strength when I landed and made what I thought was a great spring upwards. Then I opened my eyes and saw nothing but water. I tried to yell but no sound came out. I went down, down, endlessly.Wh

22、en I came to consciousness, I found myself lying on the bed in the hospital.I never went back to the pool. I avoided water whenever I could. This misadventure stayed with me as the years rolled by. It deprived me of the joy of boating and swimming. Finally, I decided to get an instructor. Piece by p

23、iece, he built a swimmer. Several months later, the instructor was finished, but 1 was not. Sometimes the terror would return.This went on until July. I swam across the Lake Wentworth. Only once did the terror return. When I was in the middle of the lake, I put my face under and saw nothing but bott

24、omless water. I laughed and said, Well, Mr.Terror, what do you think you can do to me?I had conquered my fear of water.l.The authors original fear of water was caused by.A. his poor skill in swimminghis mothers warning of drowningB. an outing to the beach with his fatheran unpleasant memory of the p

25、ool2.Why was the author not scared to death when he was thrown into the water?A. He knew how to swim in the pool.B. He felt that the YMCA pool was safe.C. He was waiting for others to save him.D. He came up with an idea of going upwards.3.By expressing but I was notn in Paragraph 5, the author proba

26、bly means .A. he was still a poor swimmerhe had not overcome the fear yetB. he was not afraid of drowning any morehe was not satisfied with the swimming trainingC. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Goodbye, Mr.TerrorHello, Childhood FearB. A Swimming AdventureMy Passion for Sw

27、imming【解析】三岁时”我随着父亲在海滩玩耍,曾被海浪撞倒过,自此我”对水产生了恐惧;十一岁 学习游泳时，“我”被一个男孩扔进游泳池，这次经历让“我“自此避免水。但“我”仍然想享受游泳 的乐趣，于是“我”请了专业指导老师，指导结束后“我”仍然没有克服对水的恐惧。后来在一次 游泳中，“我”终于克服了对水的恐惧。1 .C考查细节理解。根据第二段，特别是该段前两句可知,作者对水的恐惧源于三岁的时候被 父亲带到海滩，被海浪撞倒的经历，故C项正确。2 .D 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的But I was not frightened. to come out of the surface”可 知,作

28、者并没有吓得要死，因为他认为一旦他的脚着池底，他能猛跃，跳出水面。据此可知，作者 并不害怕的原因是他想到了跳出水面的方法，故D项正确。3 .B 考查词义猜测。根据画线句的下句Sometimes the terror would return”可知，有时恐惧还 会卷土重来;据此可以判断，画线句表示作者还没能克服恐惧，故B项正确。4.A 考查最佳标题。结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了作者克服对水的恐惧的过程，故A 项最适合作本文的标题。Passage 2语篇类型|赢词数难度建议时间议论文 2020东京奥运会推迟3557分钟The decision on Tuesday by Japan and t

29、he International Olympic Committee (IOC) to postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games until next summer because of the COVID-19 pandemic must have been a hard one to make.Although the Games have been canceled - three times in all, in 1916, 1940 and 1944 一 due to the two world wars, in the modem Olympics

30、 history of more than 120 years, never before have any Games been postponed to a different year.Nonetheless, the decision is the right one. If jt is not brought under control, the harm done to human society by the pandemic could be more serious and far-reaching than even the two world wars. Given th

31、e number of countries affected and social and economic shock waves that have been caused by the rapid spread of the virus, postponing the Games is the only right and sensible choice to make.After all, nothing is more important than peoples lives. Postponing the Games not only safeguards the health o

32、f athletes, audiences and everyone involved in the Games, but also reduces potential transmission of the virus from one place to another. Even looking at it from only a sporting level, the pandemic has already caused huge disruptions to athletes, training and the qualification process.It is undoubte

33、dly a big blow for Japan, which has prepared meticulously for the largest sports event in the world, including renovating and upgrading its infrastructure and sports venues, such as rebuilding Tokyos Olympic Stadium at a cost of $1.45 billion. Japan will suffer a huge loss, at least in the short ter

34、m.The international community owes a big thank youn to Japan for all it has done for the Games despite the postponement. Thafs why the Games will still be called the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games despite taking place in 2021. The Olympic flame will also remain stored and displayed in Japan

35、.More importantly, all members in the Olympic family, guided by the Olympic spirit of respect and understanding, are morally bound to stand behind Japan to go through this most difficult moment in the Games history.1 .What does the word it in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. The decision.B. The Games.C. The

36、pandemic.D. The war.2 .What does the underlined wordnmeticulouslyn in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Wisely.B. Recently.C. Easily.D. Precisely.3 .We know from the passage.A. the Games should be put off in times of wars and disastersthe Games will still be called the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic G

37、ames for Japans sacrificeB. postponing the Games will have a bad influence on the athletesthe Olympic family will have to make up for the loss of Japan4 .What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The Olympic family will support Japan.B. Japan will keep the Olympic flame burning.C. Postponing the

38、Games will bring the world hope.D. Tokyo will become the symbol of the Games.【解析】日本为2020年东京奥运会做了精心的准备，但它却因新冠肺炎大流行病而被推迟到 2021年，这对日本是一个巨大的打击。但是，这是一个正确的决定,应得到支持。1 .C 考查代词指代。根据第三段中的If it is not brought under control, the harm done to human society by the pandemic could be more serious and far-reaching t

39、han even the two world wars”可 知,如果不被控制，流行病对人类社会所造成的危害甚至比两次世界大战更严重，由此可知Jit” 指代“流行病”，故C项正确。2 .D 考查词义猜测。根据第五段中的including renovating and upgrading its infrastructure and sports venues, such as rebuilding Tokyos Olympic Stadium at a cost of $1.45 billion” 可知， 日本对基础设施和体育馆进行翻新和升级，耗资14.5亿美元重建东京的奥林匹克体育场。由 此可

40、知，日本对这一体育赛事做了精心的准备。A项意为“明智地”;B项意为“最近”;C项意为” 容易地”;D项意为”精确地,认真地，一丝不苟地”，故选D项。3.B 考查细节理解。根据第六段前两句可知，国际社会应该感谢日本为奥运会所做的一切, 这届奥运会尽管被推迟到2021年,但仍然被称为2020年东京奥运会和残奥会,由此可推知, 因日本所做的牺牲，这届奥运会仍会被称为2020年东京奥运会和残奥会。故B项正确。4.A考查推理判断。根据最后一段内容可知，所有奥林匹克大家庭成员在奥运会尊重和理解 精神的指引下，在道义上，一定会支持日本度过奥运会历史上最困难的时刻。由此可推知，奥林 匹克大家庭会支持日本。故A

41、项正确。Passage3An ageless question: When is someone old?语篇类型主题词数难度建议时间说明文何为“老”262 7分钟What does “old” really mean these days? This isnt a meaningless question not only does the definition of old have an outsized impact on how we feel about ourselves (not to mention how others view us), it also matters t

42、o policymakers determining how to plan for aging populations.The United Nations historically has defined older persons as people 60 years old or over (sometimes 65). It doesnt matter whether you live in the United States, China or Senegal, even though life expectancy is quite different in each of th

43、ose countries. Everyone becomes old at 60.Researchers Sergei Scherbov and Warren Sanderson, who study aging, are suggesting overturning the one-size-fits-all definition of old”. Instead, they talk about prospective age”, which looks to the future. Everyone with the same prospective age has the same

44、expected remaining years of life.Scherbov explained that young and old are relative concepts, and their common reference point is life expectancy. And that old would vary between nations makes sense, especially between more and less developed countries, with differences in education, death rates, ac

45、cess to health care and life expectancy.But who is old also varies - widely - between individuals. The point, says Scherbov, is that personal age is dependent on our characteristics”understanding abilities, disability, health history and even education levels. Those with more education tend not to s

46、moke, exercise more frequently, have better diets and have regular checkups 一 and, therefore, live longer, meaning the beginning of their old age comes later, says Scherbov.1 .What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. How we feel about ourselves.B.The definition of Holdn.C. The importance of the d

47、efinition of old.D. The plan for aging populations.2 .What does the underlined phrase prospective age1 in paragraph 3 refer to according to the text?A. The expected remaining years of ones life.B. The beginning of ones old age.C. The differences of our characteristics”.D. The age when one becomes ol

48、d.3.What similarity does Scherbov think young” and noldn have?A. Understanding abilities.B. Nations.C. Education.D. The reference point.4.Which of the following helps one to live longer according to Scherbov?A. As much exercise as possible.B. Losing weight.C. Studying history.D. Improving the education level.【解析】“一个人什么时候变老是个永恒的问题。本文就此介绍了相关的研究情况。1 .C 考查段落大意。根据第一段第二句中的not only does the definition of old9.for aging populations”可知，本段主要讲的是对“老”的定义的重要性。故选C。2 .A 考查词义猜测。根据第三段