考研英语语法总结.pdf

上传人:奔*** 文档编号:89811807 上传时间:2023-05-13 格式:PDF 页数:48 大小:6.08MB
返回 下载 相关 举报
考研英语语法总结.pdf_第1页
第1页 / 共48页
考研英语语法总结.pdf_第2页
第2页 / 共48页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

《考研英语语法总结.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《考研英语语法总结.pdf(48页珍藏版)》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、考研英语语法重难点精解(6):副 词(一)副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语及整个句子。例句:Andrew,my father s younger brother,will not be at the picnic,much tothe family s disappointment.(1997年第3题)分 析:该句是简单句,其中副词much修饰介词短语t。the family sdisappointmento译 文:我父亲的弟弟安德鲁不会参加野餐,这令全家人非常失望。-副词的分类1.时间副词,如 now,yesterday,today,ago,then,lately,soon,short

2、ly,immediately,finally,recently,before,tomorrowo例句:Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect.(选自2004年 Text 4)分 析:该句是简单句。译 文:现在美国人不重视智力。2.地点副词,如 here,there,above,below,downstairs,upstairs,home,somewhere,everywhere,elsewhere,down,up,anywhere 等。例 句:Here is an example;which I heard at a

3、 nurses convention,of a storywhich works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.(选自2002年 Text 1)分 析:该句是复合句,两个which引导的定语从句分别修饰an example和a story,前 一 个which引导的定语从句为非限制性定语从句,起补充说明作用。译 文:比如说,在一次护士大会上,我听到了一个能很好地发挥幽默效果的故事,因为所有的听众都对医生持有相同的看法。3.程度副词,如 fairly,rather,very,almost,too,qui

4、te,enough,so,mucho彳 列 句:She had clearly no intention of doing any work,although she was verywell paid.(1997年第34题)分 析:该句是复合句,although后面跟的是让步状语从句。译 文:虽然付给她的报酬丰厚,但她无意去工作。4.频率副词,如 sometimes,often,usually,always,frequently,constantly,rarely,seldom,never,occasionally,例 句:In addition,the designer must usua

5、lly select furniture or design built infurniture,according to the functions that need to be served.分 析:该句是简单句,其 中built in意 为 内 嵌 式 的 。在方式状语中,that needto be served 为定语从句,修饰 the functionso译 文:此 外,根据需要满足的功能,设计者通常必须选择家具或设计内嵌式家具。5.方式副词,表示动作发生或进行的方式,如quickly,fast,slowly,suddenly,carefully,well,properly,ro

6、ughly,angrily,rudely.例 句:You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenlychanged to look like the inside of a restaurant分 析:该句是复合句,if引导的从句表示与现在相反的虚拟语气。译 文:如果你的卧室内部突然变得和饭店内部一样,你可能会大吃一惊。6.疑问副词,如 when,where,how,why,whoo例 句:So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this tim e?

7、(选自2002年 Text 3)分 析:该句是特殊疑问句。动词warn的ing形式作headlines的后置定语,表示一种主动关系。译 文:那么这次警告人们经济萧条到来的头版新闻又在哪儿呢?7.关系副词,如 when,where,why.例 句:Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today couldrecreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago inthe U.S.,when the Standa

8、rd Oil Trust was broken up.分 析:该句是复合句,主句是it is hard to imagine.其 中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是 to imagine that.to competition;that were feared nearly a century ago in theU.S.是定语从句修饰 the same threats;when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up是非限制定语从句修饰a century ago,译 文:然 而,目前几家石油公司的合并是否再次给竞争带来威胁难以预料。因为美国一个世纪前曾由于合并

9、引发了一场竞争危机,造成了标准石油托拉斯的解体。8.连接副词,如 therefore,then,however;otherwise,hence,so,moreover,yet,consequently,besides,nevertheless,when,where,why,howo例 句:It is generally recognized,however,that the introduction of the computer inthe early 20th century,followed by the invention of the integrated circuit durin

10、g the1960s,radically changed the process,although its impact on the media was notimmediately apparent.(选自2002年 Use of English)分 析:该句是复合句,其 中it是形式主语,真正的主语是that the introduction of thecomputer in the early 20th centuryo followed by the invention of the integratedcircuit during the 1960s 作定语修饰 the intr

11、oductiono although its impact on themedia 是一个让步状语从句。译 文:然 而,人们普遍认为,20世纪初出现的计算机以及随后在20世纪60年代发明的集成电路尽管对传媒的影响没有立即显现出来,但却彻底改变了发展进程。9.否定副词,如 rarely,seldom,hardly,scarcely,nevero例 句:The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby ishardly the only Madonna and child image on newsstands

12、this w e e k.(选自2011年 Text 4)分 析:该句是简单句。其 中,分词短语showing an attractive mother holding a cutebaby和holding a cute baby分别作后置定语,修 饰cover和mothero译 文:展现魅力妈妈怀抱可爰宝宝的杂志封面并非本周报摊上唯一对圣母与圣子形象的描述。例 句:Growth,which rarely continues beyond the age of 20,demands caloriesand nutrientsnotably,proteinto feed expanding ti

13、ssues.(选自2008年 Text 3)分 析:该句是复合句,主干部分是 Growth demands calories and nutrients to feedexpanding tissueso which rarely continues beyond the age of 20是修饰主语 growth的非限制性定语从句。后面的破折号起补充说明作用。译 文:20岁后很少有人再继续长高,长高需要热量和营养,特别是蛋白质,以满足身体组织生长的需求。二.副词的位置1.修饰形容词、副 词,副词常置于它们之前(enough除 外工彳列句:The mechanisms at work are

14、manifest in the tendency for such physicalactivity to utilize the potentially harmful constituents of the stress response.(2000年第14题)分 析:该句是简单句,其中不定式 to utilize the potentially harmful constituents ofthe stress response作状语表示目的。译 文:在此起作用的机制显然有此倾向,即这种身体活动会利用应激反应中的潜在有害因素。例 句:The newly built Science Bui

15、lding seems substantial enough to last ahundred.分 析:该句是简单句,其中副词enough作定语修饰形容词substantiaL译 文:新建的科学大楼看上去很坚固,一百年也坏不了。2.修饰实义动词时,副词常置于该动词后或该动词宾语后面。例 句:The solution works only for couples who are self employed,don thave small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.(1999年第8

16、题)分 析:该句是复合句,主句部分为the solution works only for couples,而who areself employed,是修饰couples的定语从句。译 文:这一解决办法只适用于那些自谋职业、没有小孩子而且大部分时间待在一起和睦相处的夫妻。3.频率副词和否定副词一般取中间位置,置于实义动词之前、系动词be或第一个助动词之后。例 句:As for the influence of computerization,nowhere have we seen theresults more clearly than in the US,which really hav

17、e surprised us all.分 析:该句是复合句,which really have surprised us all是一个非限制性定语从句修饰the results,主句中nowhere置于句首引起倒装。译 文:就计算机化的影响而言,其结果在美国比在其他任何地方都明显,这真使我们惊奇不已。例 句:Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest,but loansof this kind are not frequently obtainable.(选自2000年 Cloze Test)分 析:该句是一个

18、由but连接的并列句。译 文:他自然会努力去获取低息贷款,但这种贷款并不是经常能贷到的。4.有些副词修饰整个句子,常置于句前,并用逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。彳列句:Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as thespecial preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectualequipment of an educated person.(2007年第46题)分 析:该句是简单句,句子的主干部分是legal le

19、arning has been viewed as.ratherthan.译 文:长久以来,法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的,而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。例 句:Instead,the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallelpathways that can bypass those old roads.(选自2009年 Text 1)分 析:该句是复合句,主干部分是 the new habits create parallel pathways,wedeliberately p

20、ress into ourselves是省略了关系代词的定语从句,修饰主语the newhabits.短 语press into的 意 思 是“逼 迫,挤入。另一定语从句that can bypass thoseold roads修饰主句的宾语parallel pathways,that作从句的主语。译 文:相 反,我们有意培养的新习惯会形成平行的路径以避开那些原有习惯的轨道。5.几个副词连在一起,顺序一般为方式副词+地点副词+时间副词(或把时间副词置于句首I例 句:Jane lived isolatedly 方式 in the town 地点 for ten years.时间6.疑问副词常置

21、于句首。彳列句:Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?(选自2001年 Text 3)分 析:该句是复合句,what引导的宾语从句作distrust的宾语。译 文:为什么那么多的美国人不相信自己在报刊上看到的东西呢?考研英语语法重难点精解Q):名词的单复数第一章词类第一节词类名词(Noun)硕士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。一、名词的单复数(-)不可数名词a little/some/m

22、uch/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of(lots of)/plenty of/a large amount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词例 句:The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for havingpromoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in 15thcentury.(1995年

23、第14题)分 析:该句是复合句,其中that man.navigator是一个独立主格结构,进一步解释说 明one man;who lived 是非限制性定语从句,解释说明Prince Henry。译 文:葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉,此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。例 句:If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate valueof every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that thisl

24、esson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自2009年 PartC)分 析:该句是复合句。主句we may well believe.中带有that引导的宾语从句,if引导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的宾语 短 语made headway in.的意思是在某方面取得进展。译 文:每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响,如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展,那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。(二)复数可数名词some/a lot of(lots of

25、)/plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/afew/the number of/a number of/quantities of/a great many(of)+复数可数名词例 句:Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they veapparently learned is when to sto p.(选自2009年 Use of English)分 析:该句是并列句,在第二个句子中they ve apparently learned

26、是一个省略关系代词的定语从句,修饰things。译 文:许多别的物种能够学习,而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习。例 句:But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected theparticularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.(选自2009年 Part B)分 析:该句是简单句。其 中 短 语in favor o f 的意思是赞成,支 持;有 利 于。译 文:但在20世纪初,许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论,转而支持文化传播论。(三)单复数形

27、式相同的名词meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松 鸡)plaice(鲸 鱼)swine(野猪)Vietnamese(越南人)Viennese(维也纳人)JapaneseChinesePortugueseSwisscraftaircraftspacecrafthovercraft(气垫月台)例 句:The data received from the two spacecraft whirling around Mars indicatethat there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occ

28、urring about theequator of the planet.(1996年第18题)分 析:该句是复合句,主干是 the data.indicate that.r 其中 received.Mars 作定语修饰 the data;that huge.the planet 是 evidence 的同位语从句。译 文:环绕火星的两艘宇宙飞船接收到的数据表明,有充分的证据表明该行星的赤道附近正下着大暴雨。例 句:Crisis would be the right term to describe the decline in many animal species.(1999年第33题)

29、译 文:许多动物物种日渐减少,用危机一词来描述再恰当不过了。(四)下列两类名词只有复数形式,与动词复数连用表示由两部分组成的物体名词,如:calipers(卡 钳)glasses scales(磅秤)pantspliers(钳 子)scissors trousers shoesjeans shorts(短 裤)这些名词作主语时谓语动词用复数形式,前有a pair of修饰时,谓语的单复数由pair的单复数决定。例 句:I m going to weigh my luggage:are there any scales?译 文:我想把行李过一下磅,有磅秤吗?例 句:The girl wears

30、sun glasses,which were bought from the glasses line,and a pair of old ones has been broken.译 文:姑娘戴着从眼镜行买来的太阳镜,而那副旧眼镜已经折断了。另夕卜还有:arms goodsclothescontents headquarters minutes(会议记录)regards(敬 意)wages respects(敬 意,问 候)thanks fireworks(烟 火)archives(档 案)例 句:My wages are the principle source of my income.

31、译 文:薪金是我收入的主要来源。(五)有些名词虽以s结 尾,却表示单数概念,谓语动词用单数形式1.学科名称:politics linguisticsphysics economicsmathematics ethicselectronics informaticsmechanics(力 学)statisticsacoustics(声 学)athleticsphonetics(语音学)例 句:Talk to anyone in the drug industry,and you II soon discover that thescience of genetics is the biggest

32、 thing to hit drug research since penicillin wasdiscovered.(2000年第8题)分 析:该句是复合句,talk to anyone in the drug industry是祈使句,that弓|导宾语从句,since引导时间状语从句。译 文:与从事药品工业的人一交谈,你就会发现自从盘尼西林被研制出以后,遗传学是对药品研究最大的冲击。2.游戏名称,如:checkers(跳 棋 darts(投镖游戏),billiards(弹子戏)cards(纸 牌)以及专有名词,如 Naples(那不勒斯),the United States,the Ne

33、w York Times等,但表示瀑布、山脉、岛屿的以s结尾的专有名词常表复数。例 句:Today,the snooker billiards becomes an international sports activity thatthe people of various countries like.分 析:该句是复合句,that the people of various countries like 作定语修饰 sportsactivity.译 文:今 天,斯诺克台球已经成为各国人民普遍喜爱的一项国际性的体育活动。例 句:Naples is an important seaport

34、of the southwest in Italy.译 文:那不勒斯是意大利西南部的一个重要海港。(六)集体名词数的问题1.有些集体名词后接单数动词,如:merchandisepoetry machinery furnitureluggagebaggage foliage(树 叶)例 句:Modern machinery has been installed in the company.译 文:公司已经安装了现代化的机械。例 句:This class of merchandise is usually sold on D/P(documents payment)basis.译 文:这种商品通

35、常在付款交单的基础上出售。2.有些集体名词后接复数动词,如:people police poultry clergy(教士)vermin(害 虫)cattle militia(民兵)例 句:These vermin are harmful to the plants,so they must be got rid of.译 文:这些害虫对庄稼有害,应该尽快把它们消灭掉。例句:All the poultry in Hong Kong were destroyed to stop the threat.译 文:为了消除威胁,香港屠杀了所有家禽。3.有些集体名词,如:audience boardfa

36、mily class couple crewcommitteegovernment jury party team publiccompany做整体讲时,谓语动词用单数;当看做集体的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数。例句:My family are fond of playing bowls,so they never miss the programinvolved.译 文:我家人都喜欢顶碗的游戏,所以很少错过相关节目。例 句:My family is a big one,and so it is called extended family by neighbors.译 文:我们家是一个大家庭,

37、于是邻居们常称我们家为大家庭。注:需要强调个体时,集体名词一般应使用单位词,如:three heads of cattle 三头牛a piece of luggage(牛 彳5(七)有些名词单复数形式不同,词义也发生变化例 如:air(空气)airs(样 子,摆架子)anxiety(焦虑)-anxieties伶人忧虑的事)brain(大脑)-brains(智力)custom(风俗)-cu sto m s(海关)damage(损坏)-damages(赔偿金)delicacy-delicacies(山珍海味)disorder(混乱)-disorders(小 病,病痛)experience(经验)-

38、experiences(经历)fear(恐惧)fears(担心)glass(玻璃)-glasses(日 慰 竟)j oy(快乐)-j oys(令人快乐的人或事)kindness(善意)-kindnesses(善行)pity(怜悯)-pities(不幸)people(人民)-peoples(民族)security(安全)-securities(证 券,债券)time(时间)-times(时代)work(工作)-works(作品)authority(权 威,权力)-authorities(官 方,当局)例 句:They want to expose those educationally disa

39、dvantaged students tocreative,enriching educational experiences for a five year period.分 析:该句是简单句,其 中expose sb.to sth.意为使某人暴露在之下。译 文:他们想让那些教育背景欠佳的学生接受一种既有创造性又能丰富人生的为期五年的教育。例 句:The integration of independent states could best be brought about by firstcreating a central organization with authority ove

40、r technical economic tasks.分 析:该句是简单句,其中 with authority over technical economic tasks 是介词短 语,作 a central organization 的定语。译 文:首先创办一个有权管理技术经济工作的中心组织,以便更好地实现各独立国家之间的结合。考研英语语法重难点精解(2):名词的所有格名词的格是表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间意义关系的形式,药巷中格的形式有普通格(common case)和属格(genitive case),属格又被称为所有格,当名词在句中表示所有关系 时,名词便采用属格形式,属格分为两种:

41、一 种 是s属 格,另一种是由介词词组构成的of属格。单 数 名 词 加S,复数名词加 (不 以s结尾的复数名词仍加 s),如:a boy s sisterthe children s holidaythe teachers room例 句:And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design apiece of equipment,Gordon says that by and large,“you could use today s dataand feel fairly confident/(选自2008

42、年 Text 3)分 析:该句是复合句,其中主干部分是Gordon says that.。译 文:如果你需要预测人类在不久将来的身高情况以设计一种新的衣服,戈登认为基本上 你可以使用今天的(身 高)数 据,并且感到颇有信心。用s属格时应注意以下问题:(-)复合名词在最后一个词后加s如:my sister in law s present(我嫂子的礼物)the commander in chief s wife(总司令的妻子)the grandson s toys(孙子的 )(二)由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组所有格由两个或三个名词并列组成的词组,如在最后一个词后加s表示并列名词的共有关系;如各

43、个名词后都加s则表示并列各名词的所有关系,如:Tom and John s car/Tom s and John s cars前者指Tom和John两人共有的一辆汽车;后者指Tom和John两人各自的汽车,故用复数cars.(三)s属格和of短语的所有格s属格和of短语都可表示所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系,但表示类别时只能用s所有格。如:women s shoes(女 鞋)students books(学生用书)a master s degree(研究生学位)例 句:And even more incredible is the young brain s ability to pick ou

44、t anorder in language from the mixture of sound around him,to analyze,to combineand recombine the parts of a language in new ways.分 析:该句是倒装句,正常句序是the young brain s.in new ways is even moreincredible,主语中 to pick out an order in language from the mixture of soundaround him,to analyze,to combine and re

45、combine.在句中作定语修饰 ability。译 文:更令人难以相信的是,幼儿能从其周围杂乱的声音中识别语言顺序,并能分析和按新的方式组合与重新组合语言成分。考研英语语法重难点精解(1):名词的单复数第一章词类第一节词类名词(Noun)硕士研究生考试有关名词的试题主要涉及名词的可数与不可数、名词的单复数形式、集体名词在数上的主谓一致和单数名词以复数形式出现及名词单复数同形的问题。一、名词的单复数(-)不可数名词a little/some/much/considerable/a great(good)deal of/a lot of(lots of)/plenty of/a large am

46、ount of/a large quantity of/a wealth of(大量)/heaps of(大量的)+不可数名词例 句:The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for havingpromoted sea travel,that man being Prince Henry the navigator,who lived in 15thcentury.(1995年第14题)分 析:该句是复合句,其中that man.navigator是一个独立主格结构,进一步解释说 明one man;who lived是非限制性

47、定语从句,解释说明Prince Henry。译 文:葡萄牙人给了这位促进海上旅行的人很多荣誉,此人便是15世纪的航海家亨利王子。例 句:If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate valueof every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that thislesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(选自2009年 PartC

48、)分 析:该句是复合句。主句we may well believe.中带有that引导的宾语从句,if弓I导的条件状语从句中包含that引导的从句作realizing的 宾 语 短 语made headway in.的意思是 在某方面取得进展。译 文:每个机构的最终价值在于其对人类的独特影响,如果人类在对此的认识上已有所进展,那么我们也许完全可以相信这种经验已在与年轻人打交道的过程中学会了。(二)复数可数名词some/a lot of(lots of)/plenty of/a large quantity of/a wealth of/heaps of/afew/the number of/a

49、 number of/quantities of/a great many(of)+复数可数名词例 句:Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they veapparently learned is when to sto p.(选自2009年 Use of English)分 析:该句是并列句,在第二个句子中they ve apparently learned是一个省略关系代词的定语从句,修饰things。译 文:许多别的物种能够学习,而且它们已经明显学会的东西之一就是何时停止学习。例 句:But a

50、number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected theparticularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.(选自2009年 Part B)分 析:该句是简单句。其 中 短 语in favor o f 的意思是 赞成,支 持;有 利 于 。译 文:但在20世纪初,许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论,转而支持文化传播论。(三)单复数形式相同的名词meansseriesspeciessheepdeerfishgrouse(松 鸡)plaice(螺 鱼)swine(野猪)Vie

展开阅读全文
相关资源
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 教育专区 > 教案示例

本站为文档C TO C交易模式,本站只提供存储空间、用户上传的文档直接被用户下载,本站只是中间服务平台,本站所有文档下载所得的收益归上传人(含作者)所有。本站仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。若文档所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知得利文库网,我们立即给予删除!客服QQ:136780468 微信:18945177775 电话:18904686070

工信部备案号:黑ICP备15003705号-8 |  经营许可证:黑B2-20190332号 |   黑公网安备:91230400333293403D

© 2020-2023 www.deliwenku.com 得利文库. All Rights Reserved 黑龙江转换宝科技有限公司 

黑龙江省互联网违法和不良信息举报
举报电话:0468-3380021 邮箱:hgswwxb@163.com