考研英语语法总结.docx

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1、精品名师归纳总结英语语法总结下文总结了十二个要点：1、主谓一样2、时态3、语态4、非谓语动词5、情态动词6、虚拟语气7、句子种类8、名词性从句9、状语从句10、定语从句11、强调句12、倒装句当然以上并不是全部要点,仍有一些比较基础的,比如：祈使句、省略句、名词等学问点比较简洁, 在平常做题中自然而然就积存下来了,不需要刻意背诵。一、主谓一样主谓一样的关键在于,分条记清晰,不要混淆。1、 以动词不定式短语,动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。To study English well is not easy. （动词不定式短语作主语） Reading in the sun is

2、bad for your eyes.（动名词短语作主语） What he said is very important for us all.（从句作主语）2、 由连接词 and 或 both and 连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。但如所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式。The writer and artist has come.由 and 连接的并列单数主语前假如分别有 no, each, every 或 more than a an/one,many a an 修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。 either, neither, each, every

3、 或 no+单数名词和由 some, any no, every 构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。Every student and every teach is in the classroom. Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it. Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today.Somebody is speaking in class.Everything around us is matter如 none of 后面的名词是不行数名词,它的

4、谓语动词就要用单数。如它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was left.None of us has have been to America.3、 在定语从句里, 关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一样。（画线为先行词）Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结He is one of my friends who are working hard.

5、He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.4、 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一样。It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.5、 假如集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式。假如它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式。His family has moved to the south . 他的一家 His family are watching TV. （他的家人）6、由 a lot of /

6、lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+ 名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数 +名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要依据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外,仍有 a number of + 复数名词有类似的用法 （用复

7、数）,但 the number of + 复数名词的数就得依number而定（用单数） 。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples. The number of pages in this book is three hundred.6、 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一样。There comes the bus.Between the two hills standsa monument.7、 表数量的短语 “ one and a half后面”接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用

8、单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.8、 一些学科名词是以 -ics 结尾,如： mathematics, politics, physics 以及 news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。I don t think physiciss easy to study.9、“定冠词 the+形容词或分词 ”,表示某一类人动词用复数。如表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there. （老人们） The beaut

9、iful gives pleasure to all. （美好的东西）10、there be 句型中 be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。假如其后是由and连接的两个主语,就应与靠近的那个主语保持一样,即就近一样。 There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room.11、主语后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than,besid

10、es, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语,谓语动词要跟主语一样,即就远一样。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak

11、 Japanese. No one except my teachers knows anything about it.二、动词的时态动词的时态是日常口语、写作都要用到的,并不仅仅局限于考试,所以是一个英语语法的基础。对于应用可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结关键词比如 agosince 等等,假如没有关键词就要结合语境判定时间的连续性和间断性。1、 一般现在时： do/does, 系动词 is/am/are （ 1）一般现在时表示常常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言,目前的特点、状态、才能等。（ 2）主句是一般将来时 ,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。考试

12、,时态的难点通常是过去完成时、过去进行时、将来完成时,难在时间点、时间段的判别,通常会有I ll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I won t go there.（ 3）在以 here,there 开头的句子里, go,come 等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。There goes the bell. （铃响了。） There comes the bus.（汽车来了。 ） Here she comes.（她来了。）2、 一般过去时： did, 系动词 was/were表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况

13、,或过去某一时间内常常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。3、 现在进行时： is/am/are doing（ 1）表示正在进行的动作。（ 2）表示按方案支配即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing. （她要去北京。 ）（ 3）代替一般现在时,描画更加生动。The sun is rising in the east. （太阳从东方冉冉升起。 ）4、 过去进行时： was/were doing（ 1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示） He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.（ 2

14、）表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.（ 3）用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.（ 4）表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.5、 现在完成时： has/have done（ 1）表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.（ 2）表示从过去开头,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“

15、for.”,“s表inc述e的. 一”段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.（ 3）表示 “曾经到过某的 （人已回来） ”用 “have/has been to,表”示 “到某的去了 （仍未回来） ”用“have/has gone to ”。 Where is Li Hua. He has gone to the reading-room. She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there.（ 4）短暂动词（即瞬时动词） ,join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come

16、,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,break out等,在完成时态中,其确定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.要翻译 “他已参军已经三年了。 ”可采纳 “ago法”He joined the army three years ago.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结 “连续法 ”He has been in the army for three years. “since法”It is/has been three years since

17、 he joined the army.6、 过去完成时： had done（ 1）表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.（ 2）表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开头始终连续到另一个过去时刻才完成,甚至仍要连续下去。He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.（ 3）常用 hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose 等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的期望、准备或意图。We had expected that you wou

18、ld be able to win the match.7、 将来完成时： will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by 短语, when,before 引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.8、 现在完成进行时： has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开头始终连续到现在（仍要连续下去）的动作。He has been doing the math problems since 8:00.9、 过去完成进行时： had been

19、 doing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开头始终连续到另一个过去时刻才完成,仍将连续下去。She had been waiting at the station for 5 hours. She was still waiting. 有表示一段时间的状语10、一般将来时：will/shall do。 is/am/are going to do。 is/am/are（ about） to do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。（ 1） be + doing进行时表将来：go, come, start, move, leave, arrive 等词可用进行时表示按方案即将发生的动作。He

20、 is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe.（ 2） be about to + 动词原形：表示支配或方案中的立刻就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语。I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close.（ 3） be to + 动词原形表示按方案进行或征求对方看法。We re to meet at the school gate at noon.（ 4） 一般现在时表将来：时刻表上或日程支配上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来。The m

21、eeting starts at five o clock.三、动词的语态（被动语态的句型）动词的语态主要是被动语态的应用,比较简洁。1、常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（ by施动者） 。He was scolded by the English teacher.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结2、主语 get过去分词其它成分。 （使用这种结构不能带有“ byThe boy got drowned last summer.施动者 ”）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结3、带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句,其主语可以是直接宾语,也可以是间接宾

22、语。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结She lent me a bike.被动： I was lent a bikeby her.A bike was lent to meby her.4、情态动词 be过去分词。This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5、双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分。These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.四、非谓语动词非谓语不是难点,但是一个比较复杂的学问点,要记要背的东西比较多,但用熟

23、了以后就会脱口而出,没有太大难度,主要在多用、熟识。1、只接不定式做宾语的动词：hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen.2、只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语：mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk,

24、 resist, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to.3、意义不同的不定式：stop to do 停止手中所做的事,去做另一件事stop doing

25、停止正在做的事可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结remember/forget/regretto do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing （指动作已经发生）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结go on to do （接着做另外一件事）go on doing （接着做同一件事） try to do （设法,努力去做,尽力）try doing （试试去做,看有何结果） mean to do（准备做,妄想做）mean doing （意思是,意味着） can t help（ to） do（不能帮忙做）can t help doin（g

26、 忍不住要做）be considered to have done 被认为已经做了consider tobe 认为是consider doing 考虑做某事五、情态动词情态动词通常是语气的表示,虽然没有实际意义,但却常常在完形填空中显现。第一要区分各个情态动词所表示的意思和语气,然后留意对应的文章和语境所需要的语气。之后就是一些小点,比如shall 的不同意义、情态动词 +have done 的各种特别用法等。1、表示 “才能、许可 ”的 can 和 may：（1） 表示才能的情态动词用can/could。A computer can t think for itself; it must b

27、e told what to do.（2） 表示许可时用 may/might ,can/could都可以,但在问句中用could .或 might ？ 以使口气委婉客气,其回答肯定要用 can 或 may,以使回答口气明确（must 表示肯定,必需, mustnt表示禁止,不许可） 。 Johnny, you mustn t play with the knife, you may hurt yourself.（3） 在确定句中 could 不行以用来表示过去某一特定场合的才能,而要用was/were able to。The fire spread through the hotel very

28、 quickly but everyone was able to get out.2、表示 “推断、判定 ”的 can, may, must：（1） 在确定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must 语气最确定 ,may 表示的是事实上的可能性。Peter may come with us tonight, but he isn t very sure yet.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结（2） 在否定句中只能用can 和 may。所以 can时t用以代替 mustn,t语气比 may 更确定。中文可以翻译为不行能。Michael can t be a policeman,

29、 for he s much too short.（3） 在疑问句只能用 can,不能用 may 和 must。He may be very busy now. /Can he be very busy now. He must be very busy now. /Can he be very busy now.3、need 作为情态动词只有一种形式,只用于否定句和疑问句。4、dare 作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare 和 dared 两个词形,除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外,仍可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。If he dare come, I will kick him out.

30、I don t know whether he dare say.He doesn t daretoanswer the questio（n否.定句）Does she daretoenter the dark room.（疑问句）5、shall：（1） 用于第一人称：征求对方的看法。What shall we do this evening.（2） 用于其次、三人称：警告、命令、承诺、威逼等。You shall fail if you don t wo（rk 警ha告rd）er.He shall have the book when I finish reading. （承诺）He shall

31、 be punished.（威逼）6、should 劝说、建议、命令、应当做、道义上的责任。You shouldought to go to class right away.7、will/would ：（1） 恳求、建议, would 比 will 委婉客气。Would you pass me the book.（2） 表示意志、愿望和决心。I will never do that again.（3） would 可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。The wound would not heal. （伤口老是不能愈合）（5） would 表示估量或猜想。What would she be

32、doing there.8、情态动词 +have done 的用法：（1） could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。You could have done better, but you didn t try your best.（2） cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定估量。He cannot have been to that town.（3） can+ 主语 + have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不愿定（用在疑问句中）。Can he have got the book.（4） mightmay+ have done ：对过去发生的行为不

33、太确定的估量。He may not have finished the work.（6） must+ have done：对过去发生的行为确定的估量。其否定式为：cannot have done。You must have seen the film.You cannot have seen the film.（7） neednt+ have don：e 原来不必要做的而实际上又做了。You needn t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结区分于： didnt need toha

34、ve tod：o 没有必要做而实际上也没有做I didn t need to clean the windows. My sister did it 2 hours ago.（8） shouldought to+ have done：原来应当做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。You should have started earlier, but you didn t.She shouldn t have taken away my measuring tape,for I worked to uist.e区分于： He should have finished th

35、e work by now. （表估量）六、虚拟语气虚拟语气是重点也是难点,肯定要具体记忆,清晰的辨论各种用法,千万不要混淆。If引导的条件句是基础,在清除记忆了这个基础之上,有几个难点如下所列：省略if 的虚拟条件句、混合虚拟条件句、含蓄虚拟条件句和其它状语从句等。1、 If 引导的条件从句：（1） 与现在事实相反从句：过去式（ was/were）,主句： should/would/could/might +do If he were here, he would help us.（2） 与过去事实相反从句： had +done,主句： should/would/could/might +h

36、ave +done If I had been free ,I would have visited you.（3） 与将来事实相反从句：过去式 /should+动词原形 /were +to do ,主句： should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.2、 省略 if 的虚拟条件句：将虚拟条件从句中的were, had, should 放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。Should he come ,tell him to ring me up. Were I you, I woul

37、d not do it.Had I been free, I would have visited you.3、 混合虚拟条件句：（1） 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规章。If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now. If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.（2） 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规章。He could have passed th

38、e exam, but he wasn t careful enough. You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.4、 含蓄虚拟条件句：（1） but for+ 名词表示虚拟条件But for your timely warning, we must have got into great trouble. -You know we re friends.（2） without+ 名词表示虚拟条件Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at nig

39、ht would be freezing cold.（3） 动词不定式表示虚拟条件It would be only partly right to follow in this way.（假如用这种方式,仅仅对了一半。）（4） 现在分词表示虚拟条件Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident. （ 要是准时得知的话, 我们或许能阻挡这场事故。 ）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结（5） 过去分词表示虚拟条件Given more attention, the tree could have grown bett

40、er. （假如多留心的话,这树原来可以长的更好。）（7） 副词 otherwise 表示虚拟条件I was too busy at that time. Otherwise, I would have called you.（我当时太忙,否就我就给你打电话了。）（8） 连词 but 连接的句子表示虚拟条件He would become fatter but he eats too little. 5、 其它状语从句：（1） as if/as though 引导的状语从句中动词用did 或 had done 或 would could might do。与现在事实相反He talks as if

41、 he knew where she was 与过去事实相反He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.与将来事实相反He opened his mouth as if he would say something.留意：当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时,as if/as though 引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气。It sounds as if it is raining 听起来像是在下雨。He talks as if he is drunk 从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。（2） in order that/s

42、o that 引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do。Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.6、宾语从句：（1） demand, suggest, order, insist 后接的从句中动词为should+ do 。He suggested that we not change our mind.（2） wish 后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+ do 表示与现在,过去和将来情形相反。I wish I could be a pop singer.I wish

43、I would have gone to Shanghai last month.7、主语从句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结在 It is necessary / important / strange thatIt is suggested / demanded/reoqrdueersetded/动词用 should+ do。It is strange that such a person should be our friends.8、其它句型中that等从句中, 谓语可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结（1） It is time that句型中动词用过去式

44、或should+ doIt s high time that we left/should leave.（2） would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.（3） If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示剧烈的愿望If only our dream had come true.七、句子种类句子种类是比较简洁,考试也不会特别单独考到,在这里写下主要是由于它是语法学习的基础,有助于接下来高级语法的学习,所以简洁懂得清晰即可。1、感叹句：（1） what + 名词可编辑资料 - - - 欢

45、迎下载精品名师归纳总结What a fine day it is.（多好的天气吖 .）（2） how +形容词或副词How hard they are working.（他们工作多努力吖！ ）（3） how + 句子How time flies.（时间过得多么快吖 .）（4） How + adj. + a an + n.=What aan+adj.+nHow nice a boy he is .=What a nice boy he is.（多好的孩子啊 .）2、简洁句：（1）主 +谓They disappeared. （他们消逝了。 ）（2）主 +谓+宾He likes swimming.

46、（他喜爱游泳。 ）（3）主 +谓+间接宾 +直接宾I told my friend the good news.（我把好消息告知了我的伴侣。 ）（4）主 +谓+宾+宾补They named the boy Jack. （他们给孩子起名叫杰克。 ）（5）主 +系+表She is a university student.（她是一名高校生。 ）3、并列句：（1） 并列关系 and, not onlybut also, neithernor, bothand, n。ot butEither you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it.（要么你来做,要么我请其他人来做。）Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.（汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 ）Not couldn thtey complete the task, but the t