无机物命名.ppt

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1、THE NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS无机化合物命名Nomenclature of inorganic compoundWith the discovery of thousands of new inorganic compounds it has become necessary to revise the traditional rules of nomenclature.An international committee has recommended a set of rules for naming compounds,and these

2、are now being adopted throughout the world.随着成千上万个新无机化合物的发现，对传统的命名规则进行修订就显得很有必要。国际委员会提出了一套命名无机化合物的规则，这套规则已经被全世界范围接受。One of the principle changes is that proposed by Albert Stock and now known as the Stock system for naming the compounds of metal(oxides,hydroxides,and salts)in which the metal may exh

3、ibit more than one oxidation state.其中一个主要的变化是Albert Stock 提出来的Stock命名系统,这个系统主要用于命名具有不同氧化态的金属氧化物,金属氢氧化物和金属盐。Another important change is in the naming of complex ions and coordination compounds.InthesecasetheoxidationstateofmetalisshownbytheromannumeralinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheEnglish name

4、of metal whichcorrespondstoitsoxidationnumber.在这种情况下，金属氧化态是以紧接着金属的英文名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示，该数字与金属的氧化数一致。NamingionsNamingmetaloxides,bases,andsaltsNamingnonmetaloxidesNamingacidsNamingacidandbasicsaltsNamingmixedsalts A compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a b

5、alanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions.化化合合物物是是由由正正负负离离子子以以适适当当比比例例组组合合，以以保保持持电电荷荷平平衡衡，并并且且化化合合物物的的名名称称是是根根据据其其所所含含离离子子的的名称而命名的。名称而命名的。NamesofCationsMonatomiccations1.Singlevalenceions Cationsname=Elementfor example:Na+Sodium Al3+Aluminum K+Potassium Ca2+Calcium2.

6、MultivalenceionsCationsname=Element(N)For example:Fe2+Iron(II)or Ferrous Fe3+Iron(III)or Ferric Cr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)Polyatomiccations:radicel NH4+：ammoniumNamesofAnions Monatomic anions：element root+-ideF-：fluoride（F：fluorine）；）；Cl-：chloride（Cl：chlorine

7、)；Br-：bromide（Br：bromine）；）；I-：iodide（I：iodine）CN-：cyanide；OH-：hydroxide Oxyanions In normal case:element root+-ate+ionelement root+-ite+ionSO42-：sulfate；SO32-：sulfite；(S:sulfur)CO32-：（C：carbon）NO3-：（N：nitrogen）NO2-：carbonate nitrate nitrite；In case of more than two oxyanions per-+element root+-ate+

8、ion hypo-+element root+-ite+ion hypochlorite perchlorate.ClO-：ClO2-：ClO3-：ClO4-：chlorite chlorate Oxyanions containing hydrogen：HCO3-：carbonatehydrogenNameofoxides Nonmetal oxides(prefix+element+prefix+oxide)or(element()+oxide)SO2:sulfur()oxide CO:carbon monoxideCO2:carbon dioxideP2O5：diphosphorus p

9、entoxideMetal oxides(element()+oxide)CaO：FeO:Fe2O3:calcium oxide iron(II)oxide,ferrous oxide iron(III)oxide,ferric oxideNaOH：sodium hydroxideKOH：potassium hydroxideAl(OH)3:aluminum hydroxideSn(OH)2:Tin(II)hydroxide stannous hydroxide Sn(OH)4:Tin(IV)hydroxide stannic hydroxide Cation+anion(Element()+

10、hydroxide)NaOH：sodium hydroxideKOH：Al(OH)3:Sn(OH)2:Sn(OH)4:Names of BasesChanging the name of negative ion(acid ion)as following ways:_ate _ic;_ite _ous;_ide hydro_ic.Acetate:acetic acidBromate:bromic acid;bromite:bromous acidPerchlorate:perchloric acidHypochlorite:hypochlorous acidBromide:hydrobrom

11、ic acidChanging the name of negative ion(acid ion)as following ways:_ate _ic;_ite _ous;_ide hydro_ic.Acetate:Bromate:bromite:Perchlorate:Hypochlorite:Bromide:H2SO4：sulfic acid；H3PO4：phosphic acid;NamingAcids Sulfuric acid Phosphoric aicd其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta-偏 thio-硫代 pyro-焦HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S

12、2O32-thiosulfate ionP2O74-pyrophosphate ionNaCl:sodium chlorideKClO4：potassium perchlorateCuCl：copper（I）chloride；cuprous chlorideCuCl2：copper（II）chloride；cupric chlorideCr2(SO4)3:chromium(III)sulfate(chromic sulfate)NamesofSalts Normal salts:Cation+anionNaCl:KClO4：CuCl：CuCl2：Cr2(SO4)3:chromium(II):c

13、hromous;chromium(VI):chromylsodiumdihydrogenphosphatesodiumhydrogenphosphatesodiumhydrogensulfate Acid salts:cation root+prefix+hydrogen+anion root NaH2PO4:Na2HPO4:NaHSO4:sodiumbisulfate.Base salts:cation root+prefix+hydroxy+anion root Ca(OH)Cl:CalciumhydroxychlorideBi(OH)2NO3:Bismuth(III)dihydroxyn

14、itrateCu2(OH)2CO3:Copper(II)dihydroxycarbonateNamingMixedSalts NaKSO4:sodium potassium sulfateNaNH4HPO4:sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphateHydrated salt 结晶水读做water或hydrateAlCl36H2O:aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O:aluminum potassium sulfate 12-water非金属氢化物除了水和氨气

15、使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例：HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride （2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例：PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsane SbH3:stibine或stibane BiH3:bismuthane CH4:methane SiH4:silane B2H6:diborane特殊氧化物Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxideTrilead tetroxideNa2O2 Sodium peroxide Ferroferric oxide Sodium peroxide