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1、 A CULTURAL HISTORY OF WOMEN IN AMERICAThe Great Depression: The Jazz Age, Prohibition, and Economic Decline JANE BINGHAMCHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 1CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 13/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AMThe GreaT Depression: The Jazz aGe, prohibiTion, anD economic Decline 19211937copyright 201
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3、y any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: chelsea house, an imprint of infobase learning, 132 West 31st street, new York, nY 10001library of congress cataloging-in-publication Data bingham, Jane.The Great Depression : t
4、he Jazz age, prohibition, and the Great Depression, 19211937 / Jane bingham.p. cm. (a cultural history of women in america)includes index.isbn 978-1-60413-933-4isbn (e-book) 978-1-4381-3652-31. WomenUnited statessocial conditions20th century. 2. WomenUnited stateshistory20th century. 3. Depressions1
5、929 United states. 4. United statessocial conditions19331945. 5. United stateshistory19331945. i. Title. hQ1420.b49 2011973.91dc222010044889chelsea house books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. please
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8、s would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their pictures: The art archive: 5 (culver pictures), 16 (national archives, Washington D.c.), 17 (national archives, Washington D.c.), 18 (Willard culver/ nGs image collection), 26 (Willard culver/nGs image collection); corbis: 6 (cond
9、 nast archive), 13, 20 (bettmann), 23 (bettmann), 25 (minnesota historical society), 28 (hulton-Deutsch collection), 31 (bettmann), 37 (Underwood Getty images: 22, 44, 48, 50 (Time The Kobal collection: 11; rex Features: 7 (everett collection), 9 (everett collection), 21 (everett collection), 24 (ev
10、erett collection), 30 (everett collection), 38 (GTV archive), 40 (everett collection), 41 (everett collection), 43 (everett collection), 45 (iTV), 57 (everett collection); TopFoto: 8 (roger-Viollet), 10 (Granger collection), 12 (Granger collection), 14, 15 (Granger collection), 27 (Granger collectio
11、n), 29 (Granger collection), 32 (Granger collection), 33 (Granger collection), 34, 35 (Ullstein bild), 36, 39 (Granger collection), 42 (arenapal), 46 (Granger collection), 47 (Granger collection), 49 (Granger collection), 55 (Granger collection); Unc chapel-hill-nc collection: 19.ContentsIntroductio
12、n 5Chapter 1: Boom and Bust 6Chapter 2: Family Life and Social Issues 10Chapter 3: Women at Work 18Chapter 4: Education, Science, and Politics 26Chapter 5: Sports, Dance, and Film 34Chapter 6: The Arts 42Chapter 7: Minority Groups 50Chapter 8: The Period in Brief 58Timeline 60Glossary and Further In
13、formation 62Index 64CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 3CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 33/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AMThis Page Intentionally Left Blank Right: In addition to being a pilot, Earhart wrote best-selling books about her fl ying experiences, designed a stylish range of clothes, and campaigned for
14、votes for women.Between the years 1921 and 1937, many American women experienced a dramatic turnaround in their way of life. In the early 1920s, some had well-paying jobs and enjoyed more freedom than women had ever known before. However, the good times came to an end in 1929 as banks and businesses
15、 began to fail. Over the next five years, there was a massive economic slump known as the Great Depression. Life became extremely hard for working women, wives, and mothers.This book concentrates on key areas of womens lives, such as their role in the family and the workplace. It traces the growing
16、role of women in politics after they gained the vote in 1920 and describes the part some women played in advancing learning and science, sports, and the arts.The United States was a place of great social contrast in the 1920s and 1930s. This book surveys the lives of both rich and poor women. Chapte
17、r 7 looks at less privileged groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans and Hispanics, and shows how women celebrated their distinctive cultures in movements such as the Harlem Renaissance.5SOLO FLIGHTIn 1932, at age thirty-four, Amelia Earhart became the fi rst woman to fl y an aircraft so
18、lo across the Atlantic. Her achievement proved that women could perform just as well as men and could achieve great things in exciting new areas of modern life. Earhart inspired a generation of young women to have the determination and courage to follow their dreams.TURNING POINTCHW_GtDepression_FIN
19、AL.indd 5CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 53/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AM6CHAPTER 1 Boom and Bust In the early 1920s, the United States enjoyed a period of prosperity, but this was followed by the severe economic slump known as the Great Depression. By the late 1930s, however, life had begun to improve f
20、or many people. Th is was partly a result of the eff orts of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his radical recovery program, known as the New Deal. In the wider world, some major social changes took place in the 1930s as communism and fascism emerged as signifi cant political movements. THE RO
21、ARING TWENTIES The years between 1920 and 1929 are sometimes known as the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age.” During these exciting years, businesses boomed and art, music, theater, and film all blossomed. Jazz music was very popular, and movies became big business. Young women THE “TALKIES” ARRIV
22、EIn 1927, the movie production company Warner Brothers released The Jazz Singer, which was shown in theaters around the United States. Although the movie was mostly silent, it was the fi rst full-length feature fi lm to include talking sequences. The launch of The Jazz Singer marked the end of the s
23、ilent era and the start of movies with sound, nicknamed the “talkies.” TURNING POINTRight: In the Roaring Twenties, some wealthy young women enjoyed a glamorous lifestyle, travelling in chauffeur-driven automobiles.CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 6CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 63/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01
24、 AM7Chapter 1: Boom and Bustwere more independent than ever before and wore daring new fashions and makeup to emphasize their freedom. The rapid improvements in technology gave many people the chance to travel, and families began to own small automobiles.PROHIBITION During the 1920s, there was a nat
25、ionwide attempt to overcome the many social problems caused by the excessive drinking of alcohol. Since the start of the 20th century, members of the temperance movement had campaigned to ban all alcohol, and in 1920, a national law was passed to prohibit the making or sale of intoxicating drink. Th
26、e ban, which was known as Prohibition, proved extremely difficult to enforce. Alcohol was made and sold secretly, and illegal bars, known as speakeasies, sprang up in cities all over the United States. Prohibition was finally abandoned in 1933.THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression began in 1929
27、with a dramatic event called the Wall Street Crash. This led to the failure of banks and businesses all over the United States. Millions of people lost all their savings and their jobs, and thousands became homeless because they could not afford THE WALL STREET CRASHOn October 29, 1929, the New York
28、 Stock Exchange on Wall Street announced that American share prices had dropped to almost zero. During the 1920s, many Americans had bought shares in businesses, hoping to make money by selling the shares at a higher price. However, in October 1929, share prices began to fall. People panicked and be
29、gan selling their shares, which made prices drop even lower. On “Black Tuesday,” the stock market collapsed. Many Americans realized they had lost all their savings, and businesses recognized they could no longer survive. This marked the start of the Great Depression, which quickly spread around the
30、 world.TURNING POINTBelow: Crowds of investors gather outside banks on Wall Street, the commercial heart of New York City, on Black Tuesday.CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 7CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 73/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AM“8to pay their rent. Some homeless families lived in shacks made of card
31、board. Others took to the road in search of work. THE DUST BOWL Farmers were hit hard in the Great Depression as crop prices fell by more than half. To make matters worse, a series of severe droughts led to very poor harvests in the 1930s. In the Great Plains of central and western America, the soil
32、 turned to dust that was swept in choking black clouds for hundreds of miles. The problem affected Texas and Oklahoma and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Minnesota, and Kansas, an area that became known as “the Dust Bowl.” Millions of acres of farmland became useless, and hundreds of thousands of peo
33、ple were forced to leave their homes. Many of these families traveled west to California, where they struggled to find work.THE NEW DEAL The U.S. government took dramatic steps to help the country recover from the effects of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. This campaign of recovery was led b
34、y Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected president in 1932. Roosevelt introduced measures to support the poor, reform the banking system, and provide jobs. He also set up programs to encourage writers, musicians, and artists. Roosevelts measures, which were known as the New Deal, helped to improve t
35、he fortunes of the United States. By the late 1930s, the nation was emerging from economic depression.The Great Depression: The Jazz Age, Prohibition, and Economic Decline 19211937A CURTAIN OF BLACK“On the fourteenth day of April of 1935 There struck the worst of dust storms that ever filled the sky
36、 . . . From Oklahoma City to the Arizona Line Dakota and Nebraska to the lazy Rio Grande It fell across our city like a curtain of black rolled down, We thought it was our judgment, we thought it was our doom . . . ”Lyrics from “The Great Dust Storm,” by folk singer Woody Guthrie, 1940Above: The ext
37、reme conditions of the Dust Bowl were partly caused by bad farming practices. For decades, farmers had plowed up the natural grasses that held the soil in place and kept moisture in the ground. CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 8CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 83/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AM9WORLD EVENTS The
38、period from 1921 to 1937 was a time of major social change in many parts of the world. In 1928, Joseph Stalin gained control of the communist Soviet Union and introduced a dictatorship, sending all his opponents to prison camps. In 1934, Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong led thousands of peasants
39、on a 5,000-mile journey (known as the Long March) to escape Chinese nationalist forces. The Long March began Maos rise to power, after which he would emerge as leader of the Peoples Republic of China. While communist leaders controlled the Soviet Union and China, Adolf Hitler rose to power in German
40、y, becoming chancellor (head of the government) in 1933. Hitlers Nazi Party was made up of fascists who believed in total government control and claimed that the German race was superior to all others. They banned all political parties apart from their own and seized control of the media. Anyone who
41、 dared to disagree with the Nazis was instantly arrested, and Hitler launched a cruel campaign to persecute Jews, Gypsies and disabled people. By the late 1930s, Hitler was making plans to invade neighboring countries. Many people feared that war would be the only way to stop the spread of fascism.
42、Chapter 1: Boom and BustELEANOR ROOSEVELT (18841962)Eleanor Roosevelt was the fi rst lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was especially involved in rehousing projects and providing relief for the poor. Eleanor Ro
43、osevelt traveled across the United States giving speeches of support and organizing aid. She helped with campaigns for workers rights and was especially active in the struggle of black women to gain full civil rights.WOMEN OF COURAGE AND CONVICTIONBelow: Eleanor Roosevelt (right) with women and chil
44、dren in a soup kitchen during the Depression years. The slump saw many families relying on government aid for their survival.CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 9CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 93/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AMLeft: In the 1920s, the energetic dance known as the Charleston became popular across t
45、he United States. 10CHAPTER 2 Family Life and Social Issues During the Roaring Twenties, many American women experienced a rise in their standard of living, and some enjoyed an exciting new sense of freedom. In sharp contrast to this, life was extremely hard for women from poor families, who receive
46、d almost no support from the government. With the start of the Great Depression in 1929, social problems became very severe, with millions of people unemployed and thousands homeless. Some determined female campaigners devoted themselves to improving the lives of the poor. GAINING INDEPENDENCE By th
47、e 1920s, most American girls received a basic high-school education, while women represented more than a third of all college students. These young women expected to use their education in some kind of jobat least until they married. At the same time, the rapid growth of businesses and cities in the
48、 1920s provided new employment for female workers. Many young women worked in offices and stores, and some of them earned good wages, which they spent on clothes and entertainment. FREEDOM AND FUN Some single young women reveled in their freedom in the 1920s. They CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 10CHW_GtDepression_FINAL.indd 103/4/11 10:01 AM3/4/11 10:01 AM11wore short skirts, had their hair cut in a bob, and shocked the older generation by smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and staying up late. These independent working women were sometimes nickn
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