审计学一种整合方法第英文.pptx

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1、审计学一种整合方法第英文审计学一种整合方法第英文Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe Act established the Public CompanyAccounting Oversight Board.It also requires auditors to attest tomanagement reports on the effectivenessof internal control over financial reporting.第1页/共45页Learning Objective 1Describe auditing.第2页/共45页 Nature of Auditi

2、ngAuditing is the accumulation and evaluationof evidence about information to determineand report on the degree of correspondencebetween the information and established criteria.Auditing should be done by a competent,independent person.第3页/共45页Information and Established CriteriaTo do an audit,there

3、 must be information in averifiable form and some standards (criteria)by which the auditor can evaluate the information.第4页/共45页Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating EvidenceEvidence is any information used by the auditorto determine whether the information beingaudited is stated in accordance with t

4、heestablished criteria.第5页/共45页Competent,Independent PersonThe auditor must be qualified to understand thecriteria used and must be competent to knowthe types and amount of evidence to accumulateto reach the proper conclusion after theevidence has been examined.The competence of the individual perfo

5、rmingthe audit is of little value if he or she is biasedin the accumulation and evaluation of evidence.第6页/共45页Audit ReportThe final stage in the auditing process ispreparing the Audit Report,which is thecommunication of the auditors findings to users.第7页/共45页Audit of a Tax Return ExampleInternalInt

6、ernalRevenueRevenueagentagentCompetent,independentpersonExamines cancelledchecks and othersupporting recordsAccumulates andevaluates evidenceDeterminescorrespondenceFederal taxFederal taxreturns filedreturns filedby taxpayerby taxpayerInformationInternal RevenueCode and allinterpretationsEstablished

7、 criteriaReport on taxdeficienciesReport on results第8页/共45页Learning Objective 2Distinguish between auditingand accounting.第9页/共45页Distinguish BetweenAuditing and AccountingAccounting is the recording,classifying,and summarizing of economic eventsfor the purpose of providing financialinformation used

8、 in decision making.Auditing is determining whetherrecorded information properlyreflects the economic events thatoccurred during the accounting period.第10页/共45页Learning Objective 3Explain the importance of auditingin reducing information risk.第11页/共45页Economic Demandfor AuditingInformation risk refl

9、ects the possibility thatthe information upon which the businessrisk decision was made was inaccurate.Auditing can have a significant effecton information risk.第12页/共45页Learning Objective 4List the causes of informationrisk,and explain how this riskmay be reduced.第13页/共45页Causes of Information Risk

10、Remoteness of information Biases and motives of the provider Voluminous data Complex exchange transactions第14页/共45页Reducing Information Risk User verifies information User shares information risk with management Audited financial statements are provided第15页/共45页Learning Objective 5Describe assurance

11、 servicesand distinguish audit servicesfrom other assurance andnonassurance servicesprovided by CPAs.第16页/共45页Assurance ServicesAn assurance service is an independentprofessional service that improves thequality of information for decision makers.Assurance services can be performed byCPAs or by a va

12、riety of other professionals.第17页/共45页Attestation ServicesAn attestation service is a type of assuranceservice in which the CPA firm issues areport about the reliability of an assertionthat is the responsibility of another party.第18页/共45页Attestation Services1.Audit of historical financial statements

13、2.Attestation of internal control over financial reporting3.Review of historical financial statements4.Attestation services on information technology5.Other attestation services第19页/共45页Relationships Among Auditors,Client,and External UsersClientAuditorAuditorClient or auditcommittee hiresauditorExt

14、ernalExternalUsersUsersAuditor issuesreport reliedupon by users第20页/共45页Other Assurance ServicesMost of the other assurance services that CPAsprovide do not meet the formal definitionof attestation services.The CPA is not required to issue a written report.The assurance does not have to be about the

15、reliability of another partys assertion aboutcompliance with specified criteria.第21页/共45页AICPA Assurance ServicesThe AICPA formed the Special Committeeon Assurance Services(SCAS).第22页/共45页Attestation Services on Information TechnologyWebTrust is an attestation service,and theWebTrust seal is a symbo

16、lic representationof the CPAs report on managementsassertions about its disclosure ofelectronic commerce practices.第23页/共45页Attestation Services on Information TechnologySysTrust is an attest-type engagementto evaluate and test system reliability inareas such as security and data integrity.第24页/共45页

17、Principles for WebTrust and SysTrust Services1.Online privacy2.Security3.Processing integrity4.Availability5.Confidentiality6.Certification authorities(WebTrust only)第25页/共45页Nonassurance Services Provided by CPAs1.Accounting and bookkeeping services2.Tax services3.Management consulting services第26页

18、/共45页Other Assurance Services ExamplesControls over and risks related to investments,including policies related to derivativesassessing the processes in a companysinvestment practices to identify risks and todetermine the effectiveness of those processes.第27页/共45页Other Assurance Services ExamplesMys

19、tery shoppingperforming anonymous shopping to assesssales personnel dealing with customers andprocedures they follow.第28页/共45页Other Assurance Services ExamplesAssess risks of accumulation,distribution,and storage of digital informationassessing security risks and relatedcontrols over data and other

20、informationstored electronically,including theadequacy of backup and off-site storage.第29页/共45页Other Assurance Services ExamplesFraud and illegal acts risk assessmentdeveloping fraud risk profiles and assessing theadequacy of company systems and policies inpreventing and detecting fraud and illegal

21、acts.第30页/共45页Other Assurance Services Examples Compliance with trading policies and procedures Compliance with entertainment royalty agreements ISO 900 certification Environmental audit第31页/共45页Assurance,Attestation,and Nonassurance ServicesOther Assurance ServicesCertainManagementConsultingOther A

22、ttestation Services(e.g.,WebTrust,SysTrust)ATTESTATION SERVICESAuditsReviewsInternal Controlover Financial ReportingASSURANCE SERVICES第32页/共45页Assurance,Attestation,and Nonassurance ServicesCertainManagementConsultingNONASSURANCE SERVICESNONASSURANCE SERVICESOther ManagementConsultingTaxServicesAcco

23、unting andBookkeeping第33页/共45页Learning Objective 6Differentiate the three maintypes of audits.第34页/共45页Types of Audits Operational Compliance Financial Statement第35页/共45页Operational AuditExampleEvaluate computerized payroll systemfor efficiency and effectivenessInformationNumber of records processed

24、,costs ofthe department,and number of errorsEstablishedCriteriaCompany standards for efficiency andeffectiveness in payroll departmentAvailableEvidenceError reports,payroll records,andpayroll processing costs第36页/共45页Compliance AuditExampleDetermine whether bank requirementsfor loan continuation hav

25、e been metInformationCompany recordsEstablishedCriteriaLoan agreement provisionsAvailableEvidenceFinancial statements andcalculations by the auditor第37页/共45页Audit of Historical Financial StatementsExampleAnnual audit of Boeings financialstatementsInformationBoeings financial statementsEstablishedCri

26、teriaGenerally accepted accountingprinciplesAvailableEvidenceDocuments,records,and outsidesources of evidence第38页/共45页Learning Objective 7Identify the primary typesof auditors.第39页/共45页Types of Auditors Internal auditors Independent certified public accounting firms Internal Revenue agents Governmen

27、tal general accounting office auditors第40页/共45页Learning Objective 8Describe the requirementsfor becoming a CPA.第41页/共45页Three Requirements forBecoming a CPA Educational requirement Uniform CPA examination requirement Experience requirement第42页/共45页CPA Examination Sections Auditing and Attestation Financial Accounting and Reporting Regulation Business Environments and Concepts第43页/共45页End of Chapter 1第44页/共45页感谢您的观看。感谢您的观看。第45页/共45页