审计学：一种整合方法_第12版_英文版Cha(1).ppt

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1、2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance ServicesChapter 12008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Au

2、diting 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2 2Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe Act established the Public CompanyAccounting Oversight Board.It also requires auditors to attest tomanagement reports on the effectivenessof internal control over financial reporting.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishin

3、g,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3 3Learning Objective 1Describe auditing.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-

4、1-4 4 Nature of AuditingAuditing is the accumulation and evaluationof evidence about information to determineand report on the degree of correspondencebetween the information and established criteria.Auditing should be done by a competent,independent person.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,200

5、8 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-5 5Information and Established CriteriaTo do an audit,there must be information in averifiable form and some standards(criteria)by which the auditor can evaluate the information.2008 Prentice H

6、all Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-6 6Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating EvidenceEvidence is any information used by the auditorto determine whether the information beingaudited is stated in accordan

7、ce with theestablished criteria.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-7 7Competent,Independent PersonThe auditor must be qualified to understand thecriteria used and must be competent to kn

8、owthe types and amount of evidence to accumulateto reach the proper conclusion after theevidence has been examined.The competence of the individual performingthe audit is of little value if he or she is biasedin the accumulation and evaluation of evidence.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008

9、Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-8 8Audit ReportThe final stage in the auditing process ispreparing the Audit Report,which is thecommunication of the auditors findings to users.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentic

10、e Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-9 9Audit of a Tax Return ExampleInternalInternalRevenueRevenueagentagentCompetent,independentpersonExamines cancelledchecks and othersupporting recordsAccumulates andevaluates evidenceDeterminescorrespo

11、ndenceFederal taxFederal taxreturns filedreturns filedby taxpayerby taxpayerInformationInternal RevenueCode and allinterpretationsEstablished criteriaReport on taxdeficienciesReport on results2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Ar

12、ens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1010Learning Objective 2Distinguish between auditingand accounting.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1111Distinguish BetweenAuditing and Account

13、ingAccounting is the recording,classifying,and summarizing of economic eventsfor the purpose of providing financialinformation used in decision making.Auditing is determining whetherrecorded information properlyreflects the economic events thatoccurred during the accounting period.2008 Prentice Hall

14、 Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1212Learning Objective 3Explain the importance of auditingin reducing information risk.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Audi

15、ting 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1313Economic Demandfor AuditingInformation risk reflects the possibility thatthe information upon which the businessrisk decision was made was inaccurate.Auditing can have a significant effecton information risk.2008 Prentice Hall Bu

16、siness Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1414Learning Objective 4List the causes of informationrisk,and explain how this riskmay be reduced.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publis

17、hing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1515Causes of Information Risk Remoteness of information Biases and motives of the provider Voluminous data Complex exchange transactions2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing

18、12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1616Reducing Information Risk User verifies information User shares information risk with management Audited financial statements are provided2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Audi

19、ting 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1717Learning Objective 5Describe assurance servicesand distinguish audit servicesfrom other assurance andnonassurance servicesprovided by CPAs.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/

20、e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1818Assurance ServicesAn assurance service is an independentprofessional service that improves thequality of information for decision makers.Assurance services can be performed byCPAs or by a variety of other professionals.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publ

21、ishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-1919Attestation ServicesAn attestation service is a type of assuranceservice in which the CPA firm issues areport about the reliability of an assertionthat is the responsibility of an

22、other party.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2020Attestation Services1.Audit of historical financial statements2.Attestation of internal control over financial reporting3.Review of his

23、torical financial statements4.Attestation services on information technology5.Other attestation services2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2121Relationships Among Auditors,Client,and Ext

24、ernal UsersClientAuditorAuditorClient or auditcommittee hiresauditorExternalExternalUsersUsersAuditor issuesreport reliedupon by users2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2222Other Assuran

25、ce ServicesMost of the other assurance services that CPAsprovide do not meet the formal definitionof attestation services.The CPA is not required to issue a written report.The assurance does not have to be about thereliability of another partys assertion aboutcompliance with specified criteria.2008

26、Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2323AICPA Assurance ServicesThe AICPA formed the Special Committeeon Assurance Services(SCAS).2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Busi

27、ness Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2424Attestation Services on Information TechnologyWebTrust is an attestation service,and theWebTrust seal is a symbolic representationof the CPAs report on managementsassertions about its disclosure ofelectronic c

28、ommerce practices.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2525Attestation Services on Information TechnologySysTrust is an attest-type engagementto evaluate and test system reliability inarea

29、s such as security and data integrity.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2626Principles for WebTrust and SysTrust Services1.Online privacy2.Security3.Processing integrity4.Availability5.

30、Confidentiality6.Certification authorities(WebTrust only)2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2727Nonassurance Services Provided by CPAs1.Accounting and bookkeeping services2.Tax services3

31、.Management consulting services2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2828Other Assurance Services ExamplesControls over and risks related to investments,including policies related to deriva

32、tivesassessing the processes in a companysinvestment practices to identify risks and todetermine the effectiveness of those processes.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-2929Other Assuran

33、ce Services ExamplesMystery shoppingperforming anonymous shopping to assesssales personnel dealing with customers andprocedures they follow.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3030Other A

34、ssurance Services ExamplesAssess risks of accumulation,distribution,and storage of digital informationassessing security risks and relatedcontrols over data and other informationstored electronically,including theadequacy of backup and off-site storage.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Pre

35、ntice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3131Other Assurance Services ExamplesFraud and illegal acts risk assessmentdeveloping fraud risk profiles and assessing theadequacy of company systems and policies inpreventing and detecting fraud a

36、nd illegal acts.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3232Other Assurance Services Examples Compliance with trading policies and procedures Compliance with entertainment royalty agreements

37、ISO 900 certification Environmental audit2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3333Assurance,Attestation,and Nonassurance ServicesOther Assurance ServicesCertainManagementConsultingOther At

38、testation Services(e.g.,WebTrust,SysTrust)ATTESTATION SERVICESAuditsReviewsInternal Controlover Financial ReportingASSURANCE SERVICES2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3434Assurance,Atte

39、station,and Nonassurance ServicesCertainManagementConsultingNONASSURANCE SERVICESNONASSURANCE SERVICESOther ManagementConsultingTaxServicesAccounting andBookkeeping2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beas

40、ley/Elder1-1-3535Learning Objective 6Differentiate the three maintypes of audits.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3636Types of Audits Operational Compliance Financial Statement2008 Pre

41、ntice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3737Operational AuditExampleEvaluate computerized payroll systemfor efficiency and effectivenessInformationNumber of records processed,costs ofthe department,a

42、nd number of errorsEstablishedCriteriaCompany standards for efficiency andeffectiveness in payroll departmentAvailableEvidenceError reports,payroll records,andpayroll processing costs2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasl

43、ey/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3838Compliance AuditExampleDetermine whether bank requirementsfor loan continuation have been metInformationCompany recordsEstablishedCriteriaLoan agreement provisionsAvailableEvidenceFinancial statements andcalculations by the auditor2008 Prentice Hall Business Publi

44、shing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-3939Audit of Historical Financial StatementsExampleAnnual audit of Boeings financialstatementsInformationBoeings financial statementsEstablishedCriteriaGenerally accepted accountingpri

45、nciplesAvailableEvidenceDocuments,records,and outsidesources of evidence2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-4040Learning Objective 7Identify the primary typesof auditors.2008 Prentice Hal

46、l Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-4141Types of Auditors Internal auditors Independent certified public accounting firms Internal Revenue agents Governmental general accounting office auditors2008 Prenti

47、ce Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-4242Learning Objective 8Describe the requirementsfor becoming a CPA.2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Au

48、diting 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-4343Three Requirements forBecoming a CPA Educational requirement Uniform CPA examination requirement Experience requirement2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/El

49、der Arens/Beasley/Elder1-1-4444CPA Examination Sections Auditing and Attestation Financial Accounting and Reporting Regulation Business Environments and Concepts2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing,Auditing 12/e,Auditing 12/e,Arens/Beasley/Elder Arens/Beasley/Elder1-45End of Chapter 1