Lecture1.ppt

《Lecture1.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Lecture1.ppt（48页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、English English LexicologyLexicologyWhat is language?lLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.l语言是人类用于交流的一种任意的言语符号的系统。“Language is mans way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone w

2、hich separate him from the lower animals”What is linguistics?lGenerally speaking,linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language.To be more exact,linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.l According t

3、o traditional classifications,linguistics consists of three branches:Phonetics,grammar and lexicology.What is linguistics?In the past few decades,especially since the 1960s,the field of linguistics has expanded,and today includes phonology,syntax,semantics,phonetics,morphology,lexicology,stylistics,

4、general linguistics,descriptive linguistics,contrastive linguistics,comparative linguistics,sociolinguistics,psycholinguistics,applied linguistics,computational linguistics and others.What is lexicology?lThe word lexicology contains two Greek morphemes:lexikon and logie,the former means“word”,the la

5、tter means“learning”,or“the study of”.So the literal meaning of the term means“the science of words”.lLexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.It deals with words,their origin,development,structure,formation,meaning and usage.Word and vocab

6、ulary 词是语言的三要素之一。(问题：语言的要素包括哪些?)词汇是语言的建筑材料-“没有语法不能传达很多东西，没有词汇就不能传达何东西。”（Wilkins 1972）。“词汇习得是二语习得最中心的任务.”（Lewis 1993）。词汇在整个语言学习过程中的作用-听、说、读、写、译没有那一种语言技能能够脱离对词汇的依赖，没有了一定的词汇量作基础，学生语言能力的发展就成了无源之水，无本之木。Aims of the course:lGive a systematic description of the English vocabulary.lOffer an insight into the

7、origin and development of the English vocabulary.lDiscuss the problems of word-structure and word-formationlStudy the use of English words,their meanings and changes in meaning,their sense relations.课程学习目的课程学习目的l研究英语词汇形态、意义和整个词汇系统，学习词汇学知识，有助于总结整理所学过的词汇素材，有意识地扩大词汇量，加深对词语的理解，提高运用语言的能力。The significance

8、 of the course:lDevelop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power(active vocabulary).lUnderstand word-meaning and organize,classify and store words more effectively.lRaise your awareness of meaning and usages,use words more accurately and appropriately.lDevelop your skills an

9、d habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences.lUltimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.Recommended Readings:l张维友，英语词汇学教程，华中师范大学出版社l陆国强，现代英语词汇学，上海外语教育出版社l刘毅,Vocabulary 10000,三环出版社/外语教学与研究出

10、版社v张韵斐，现代英语词汇学概论（An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。vNation,I.S.P.1990.Teaching and Learning Vocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.vNation,I.S.P.2001.Learning Vocabulary in Another Language.Cambridge:CUP.GradinglHomework assignments and attendance:30%lFinal Exam:70%Chapter IEnglish

11、 Vocabulary:English Vocabulary:-A General Survey -A General SurveyI International EnglishHow many people are using E?About 2 billion people are using or learning-60%broadcasting50%of journals and newspapers90%information is stored in E on the Net.I International EnglishWho are using English?Native s

12、peakers(native language)People in Britain,the United States,Ireland,Australia,New Zealand,Canada,South Africa are native English speakers.The total population in these countries is about 400,000,000.I International EnglishWho are using English?How many people in the world take English as their secon

13、d Language or an official language?English is used as the(an)official language in government and education in such countries as India,Pakistan,Nepal,Sikkim,Burma,Malaysia,Singapore,Nigeria,Namibia,Ghana,Zimbabwe,Jamaica and so on.The population in these countries is about 750,000,000 I International

14、 EnglishWho are using English?The countries that take E as a FL includeChina,Korea,Japan-II Standard English the variety of the EL which is normally employed in writing and normally spoken by educated speakers,which students of English as a FL/SL are taught when they receive formal instruction Peter

15、 Trudgill,Jean HannahThe term Standard English refers to grammar and vocabulary(dialect)but not to pronunciation(accent).Word and VocabularylHow large is the English vocabulary?/How many words are there in English?lVocabulary of Oxford English Dictionary published 1928 is 414,829.lReports of the siz

16、e of the English vocabulary in the popular press have a very wide range:from 400,000 to 600,000 words(1983);200,000 words in common use.The discrepancy(is due largely to different definitions of a word,and so a study attempted to produce a more reliable estimate by using word families instead of wor

17、ds as the unit of counting.Word and VocabularylGoulden,Nation and Read(1990)counted the number of word families in Websters Third New International Dictionary,Of course,dictionaries cant contain every current word,but it still the best resource available for counting words.Goulden et al.found that t

18、he dictionary contained about 54,000 word families.This is a huge number of items(remember that each word family contains several words).Word and VocabularylThe vocabulary of native speakerslA research made in 1984 shows that the vocabulary for a undergraduate is about 20,000,for a high school stude

19、nt is about 17,000,for a junior middle school student is about 13,000，for a ten-year-old child,his vocabulary is about 7000.This suggests that first language learners add between 1000 and 2000 words per year.Your vocabulary is equal to that of a 9-year-old child.Some Interesting FactslThere is no eg

20、g in eggplant,nor ham in hamburger,Neither apple nor pine in pineapplelAnd while no one knows what is a hotdog,you can be pretty sure it isnt canine（犬类）lEnglish muffins(=hot muffins热松饼，美式早餐/英式午茶糕点)were not invented in England，Nor French-fries in France，(炸薯条);再如：lFrench window 落地窗，ltake French leave不

21、辞而别，擅自离开工作岗位lFrench grey浅灰色lSweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbread(甜面包）？lIn English we find that quicksand can work slowly,Boxing rings(拳击赛台)are squarelAnd why is that writers write,but fingers dont fing，grocers dont groce,and hammers dont ham?lIf the plural of tooth is teeth,why isnt the plural of booth，beeth?O

22、ne goose，two geese,So,one moose(驼鹿),two meese?(复数形式仍然是moose)；One mouse,two mice;One louse(虱子),two lice;One house?two hice?lIf teachers taught,why didnt preacher praught?(preached)lIf a vegetarian eats vegetables,what does a humanitarian eat?lWhy do people recite at a play,and play at a recital?Ship

23、by truck or car and send cargo by ship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：polysemy 一词多义)lHave noses that run and feet that smell?lPark on driveways and drive on parkways?l美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道)：私人车道；parkway大路，干道)lHow can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same,while a wise man and a wise guy ar

24、e opposites?lYou fill in a form by filling it out.(collocation)lAnd an alarm clock goes off by going onlYou get in and out of a car,yet you get on and off a bus.lIf there is a phrase of“gold bar”,then what does“gold brick”mean?lAnd why,when I wind up my watch,I start it,But when 1 wind up this essay

25、,I end it?（一词一词多义多义）l1.WordlThe definition of a word comprises the following points:l(1)a minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unit of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.lA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacti

26、c function.l词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体。词又词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体。词又是语句的基本结构单位。是语句的基本结构单位。lA fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form;with a unity of sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning),capable of performing a given syntactic function.l词词，今今指指语语言言组组织织中中的的基基础础单单位位，能能独独立立运运用用，具具有有声声音

27、音、意意义义和和语语法法功功能能。辞辞海海1984，上上海辞书出版社海辞书出版社 lGrammatical Hierarchy（语法层级）（语法层级）Thus the sentence is a grammatical unit that consists of one or more than one clause;the clause,one or more than one phrase;the phrase,one or more than one word;and the word,one or more than one morpheme（词素）（词素）.The sentence

28、is the highest rank of grammatical unit while the morpheme is the minimum or the lowest rank.A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents-the morphemes.MorphemelThe morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning;the smallest meaningful elem

29、ent of speech.lMorphemes fall into two categories:lfree morphemes 自由词素lbound morphemes粘附词素 lFree morphemelA free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word.le.g.man,faith,read,write,red are free morphemes.lBound morphemelBound morphemes are mostly affixes.They are also

30、meaningful,but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form.Therefore,a bound morpheme cannot stand by itself;it only exists as an inflectional or derivational affix.lDerivational morphemes：lInflectional morphemes：lFree morphemes 自由词素l-自身具有完并能作为“简单词”（simple word）l独立

31、使用的词素，可以充当词根（root）加上词缀构成派生词（derivative），也可以和其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词。lBound morphemes粘附词素粘附词素l-粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义，粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义，主要功能是充当词缀主要功能是充当词缀-2.Vocabulary/LexiconlDefinition of vocabulary(P3)lThe term vocabulary refers to all the words of a given language,including the words used in the variant

32、s of the language,such as dialect,register(vocabulary used in particular circumstances or contexts,e.g.,legal or commercial),and terminology.lThe differences between word and vocabularylAll the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary.3.Lexicology lThe term lexicology

33、contains two Greek morphemes:lexicon and logie.The former means word and the latter means learning or the study of.The literal meaning of the term is the science of wordslLexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.It deals with words,their

34、origin,development,history,structure,meaning and application.In short,it is the study of the signification and application of words Lexicology as a part of linguisticslLexicology is the part of linguistics,dealing with the vocabulary of a language and the properties of words as the main units of lan

35、guage.lVocabulary means the sum of all the words in the language.lGood knowledge of the description of the vocabulary,rules of word-formation,origin and history of words helps to guess and remember the meaning of new-learned words,to master the standards of their usage,and to prevent mistakes.lTwo w

36、ays to study lexicology:1)Diachronic approach:历时的-2)Synchronic approach:共时的-Methods of studying lexicology1.Diachronic approach From a diachronic perspective,words can be considered historically and be looked into:the origins and changes in form and meaning.2.Synchronic approach From a synchronic po

37、int of view,words can be studied at point in time,disregarding whatever changes might be taking place.1.5 Classification of Words Classification of WordslThe criteria-by use frequency,by notion,by origin,by morphologyl1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic VocabularylBasic words have the following charact

38、eristics:lNational characterlWords of basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us,which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.1.5 Classification of Words Classification of WordslThey include words relating to:natural phenomena-rain,snow,fi

39、re-,human body and relations-head,foot,father,mother,brother,son-,names of plants or animals-oak,pine,tree,cat,dog-,action,size,domain,state-come,go,hear,beat,good,evil,old,hot,heavy,white black-,numerals,prepositions,pronouns,conjunctions-.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic VocabularylStability;as th

40、ese words denote the commonest things necessary to life,they are likely to remain unchanged.lProductivity(word-forming ability):as they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can each be used alone,and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.1 Basic Word Stock and

41、Non-basic VocabularylPolysemy:words of this kind often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undergone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.lCollocability(ability to form collocations):most of these words enter quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usag

42、es,proverbial sayings.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic VocabularylNon-basic words include the following:lTerminology（术语）（术语）:technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.lJargon（行话）（行话）:the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,sciences,trades and professi

43、ons communicate among themselves.lSlang（俚语）（俚语）lArgot（黑话）（黑话）lDialectal words（方言词语）（方言词语）lArchaisms（古语）（古语）lNeologisms（新词）（新词）2 Content Words and Functional Words lContent words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words（实义词）（实义词）.They include nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs and numera

44、ls,which denote objects,phenomena,action,quality,state,degree,quantity,etc.lFunctional words do not have notions of their own.They are also called empty words.The chief function of these words is to express the relation between notions,the relation between words as well as between sentences.They are

45、 known as form words.Prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordslNative words:words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes:the Angles,the Saxons,and Jutes,thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.Words of Anglo-Saxon origi

46、n are small in number,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000,but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.3 Native Words and Borrowed WordslNative words have two other features:lNeutral in style:since native words denote the commonest things in human soci

47、ety,they are used by all people,in all places,on all occasions,and at all times.lStylistically,native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned,thus appropriate in formal style.lFrequent in use:Native words are most frequently used

48、 in everyday speech and writing.The percentage of native words in use runs usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.lBorrowed word:words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent

49、of the modern English vocabulary.lThe loan words can be classified into four classes:lDenizens（同化词）（同化词）are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.eg:pork-porc(F)cup-cuppa(L)lAliens（非同化词）（非同化词）are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.eg:bazzar(per)intermesso(IT)lTranslation loans（译借词）（译借词）lSemantic loans（语义借词）（语义借词）l4 Simple words and derived words