语法精讲强化系列4.名词、冠词和主谓一致.ppt

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1、语法精讲强化系列4. 名词、冠词和主谓一致,一、名词考点1名词单复数1. 单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则。(1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时, 常在词尾加-s, 但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 即Negroes, heroes, echoes, potatoes, tomatoes。,但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es, 也可以加-s, 它们是: zeros(zeroes)零, mosquitos(mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos(volcanoes)火山。,(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时, 一般直接加-s, 但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉, 加-v

2、es, 即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves, 也可以直接加-s, 如handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕, scarfs(scarves)围巾。,(3)合成名词变成复数时, 通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数, 如果没有主体名词, 则将最后一部分变为复数。例如: sons-in-law女婿; passers-by过路人; story-tellers讲故事的人; grown-ups成年人; breakfasts早餐;

3、housewives家庭主妇。,2. 只有复数形式的可数名词。一些食物名词或表示一些成双成对的物品名称的名词通常用复数形式, 如noodles, snacks, jeans, earphones, trousers, clothes, pants, glasses, shoes, sunglasses, scissors, compasses等。这些名词可单独作主语, 此时谓语动词用复数形式; 也可用a pair of或pairs of修饰作主语, 此时谓语动词取决于pair的形式。,3. 有些名词在形式上虽是单数, 但常表示复数含义, 如people, police, cattle, sta

4、ff, public, “the+ adj. ”(表示一类人)。4. 对于集合名词, 当它表示一个整体时, 视作单数; 当它侧重各个成员时, 视作复数, 如family, class等。,5. 有些名词单复数同形, 如fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, series等。6. 有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等, 如congratulations祝贺, regards问候, respects敬意, thanks谢谢, wishes祝愿等。,7. 表示一类事物总称的名词, 常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”,

5、如furniture, equipment, luggage, baggage, homework, information, progress, weather, wealth等。,8. 有些抽象名词或物质名词可以转化为可数名词,【典例剖析】单句填空(2015全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chin

6、ese_ (painting).,解题关键: 句意强调“在如此多的中国绘画中”。painting意为“图片, 图画”, 是可数名词, 由于前有many, 故使用其复数形式。答案判定: paintings,【高考题组】单句改错/填空1. (2015全国卷)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier. (改错)_,airs改为air,2. (2015浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.

7、(改错)_3. (2015陕西高考)Mum taught me some basic step of baking. (改错)_,side改为sides,step改为steps,4. (2014全国卷)For most of us the _ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.,changes,考点2名词的构词法常见的名词后缀: 1. 具有某种职业或动作的人(1)-an/-ian, 表示“地方的人, 精通的人”。例如: American美国人, historian历史学家, politician政治家, 政客,

8、Asian亚洲人, African非洲人, Italian意大利人, physician内科医生。,(2)-ant, 表示“的人”。例如: servant佣人, applicant应征者, assistant助手。(3)-ar, 表示“者”。例如: scholar学者, liar说谎者。(4)-ee, 表示“动作承受者”。例如: employee雇员, interviewee被面试者, examinee应试人, trainee受训者。,(5)-eer, 表示“从事的人”。例如: engineer工程师, volunteer志愿者。(6)-er, 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区、地方的人”。例

9、如: observer观察者, villager村民, banker银行家, Londoner伦敦人, worker工人, performer表演者, manager经理, teacher老师。,(7)-ese, 表示“国人, 地方的人”。例如: Japanese日本人, Chinese中国人, Cantonese广东人等。(8)-ess, 表示“女称名词”。例如: actress女演员, hostess女主人。(9)-ist, 表示“从事研究者, 信仰主义者”。例如: pianist钢琴家, communist共产主义者, dentist牙医, artist艺术家。,(10)-or, 表示“

10、者”。例如: author作者, doctor医生, operator操作员, 电话接线员, director导演, survivor幸存者, instructor指导者。,2. 具有抽象名词的含义(1)-acy, 表示“性质, 状态”。例如: accuracy精确, privacy隐私, literacy读写能力, adequacy足够。(2)-age, 表示“状态, 行为, 身份及其结果”。例如: shortage短缺, storage储存, marriage婚姻, courage勇气。,(3)-al, 表示“事物的动作, 过程”。例如: refusal拒绝, arrival到达, sur

11、vival存活, approval批准, proposal提议。(4)-ance/-ence, 表示“性质, 状况, 行为, 过程, 总量, 程度”。例如: importance重要, diligence勤奋, difference区别, convenience方便。,(5)-ancy/-ency, 表示“性质, 状态, 行为, 过程”。例如: frequency频率, urgency迫切, efficiency效率, tendency趋势。(6)-bility, 表示“性质, 状态”。例如: ability能力, disability残疾, possibility可能性, probabili

12、ty可能性。(7)-dom, 表示“等级, 领域, 状态”。例如: freedom自由, kingdom国王, wisdom智慧。,(8)-ion/-sion/-tion/-ation/-ition, 表示“行为的过程, 结果, 状况”。例如: action行动, solution解决方案, conclusion结论, destruction毁坏, expression表达, correction改正, impression印象。(9)-ment, 表示“行为, 状态, 过程, 手段及其结果等”。例如: treatment对待, 治疗, movement运动, judgement判断。,(10

13、)-ness, 表示“性质, 状态, 程度”。例如: goodness善良, kindness仁慈, tiredness乏味, friendliness友好。(11)-ship, 表示“情况, 性质, 技巧, 技能及身份, 职业”。例如: hardship困苦, membership成员, friendship友谊, leadership领导。,(12)-th, 表示“动作, 性质, 过程, 状态”。例如: depth深度, wealth财富, truth真理, length长度, growth成长, strength力气, 长处。(13)-ure, 表示“行为, 结果”。例如: exposu

14、re暴露, pressure压力, failure失败。,【典例剖析】用所给词的适当形式填空(2015全国卷)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their_ (able)to “air condition” a house. 解题关键: 空前面是形容词性物主代词their, 其后面需要用名词。答案判定: ability,【高考题组】用括号内单词的正确形式填空1. (2014福建高考)The smallest good habits can make a big _(di

15、fferent). 2. (2014辽宁高考)Ill stop and take a deep _ (breathe).,difference,breath,3. (2014湖北高考)The police will reward whoever provides useful _(inform)to catch the robber. 4. (2014陕西高考)On June 27, 2012, the Jiaolong reached a _(deep)of 7, 062 metres in the Pacific Ocean.,information,depth,二、冠词考点1冠词的基本用

16、法1. 定冠词的常考必备(1)上文已出现过或说话双方都熟知的事物; (2)表示世界上独一无二的事物、自然现象、方位或者发明物的名词前; (3)序数词和形容词或副词最高级前; (4)表示年代、朝代、时代的名词或由普通名词组成的专有名词前; (5)形容词或形容词化的过去分词前, 表示一类人或物, 或用于姓氏复数前表示一家人等。,2. 不定冠词的常考必备(1)单数可数名词前, 表泛指的数量“一”; (2)用a certain修饰专有名词(=some+名词单数)表示“某一个”; (3)序数词前, 表示“又一, 再一”; (4)物质名词前, 表示“一份, 一阵, 一场, 一类”等或用于抽象名词具体化;

17、(5)有修饰词的三餐和四季前; (6)a, an与比较级连用, 在否定句中表示最高级意义, 而a+most+形容词+名词, 表示“一个非常的”。,3. 零冠词的常考必备(1)表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词前; (2)表示头衔、职位名称的名词作表语、补语、同位语和as的宾语时; (3)as/though引导的让步状语从句中, 作表语的单数可数名词置于句首时。,【典例剖析】用适当的冠词填空(2015全国卷)The adobe dwellings(土坯房)are admired by even_ most modern of architects and engineer

18、s. 解题关键: 形容词最高级的前面要用定冠词the。答案判定: the,【高考题组】单句改错/填空1. (2015全国卷)A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop. (改错)_,第二个a改为the,2. (2015陕西高考)At a party for his retirement, my coach, with a biscuit in his mouth, asked surprisingly who made them. (改错)_,第一个a改为the,3. (2014全国卷)Now, years later,

19、 this river is one of _ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. 4. (2014湖南高考)By avoiding things likely to upset your neighbors, you can enjoy _ friendly relationship with them.,the,a,5. (2014江苏高考)Dale came to understand that the ability to express _ idea to an audience builds a persons c

20、onfidence.,an,考点2冠词的固定搭配1. 用在表示计量单位的名词前by the day, by the dozen, by the hour, by the yard等; 2. 固定结构“动词+sb. +介词+the+身体部位名词”;,3. 固定短语: a knowledge of, a collection of, a better understanding of, have a look, play a trick on, in a hurry, make the best of, in the end, on the phone等; 4. the+比较级. . . , th

21、e+比较级. . . , 表示“越越”。,【典例剖析】单句改错(2014全国卷)As result, the plants are growing everywhere. 解题关键: 根据固定搭配as a result“结果是”, 可知原文中的result前缺少了不定冠词a。答案判定: result前加不定冠词a,【高考题组】单句改错/用适当的冠词填空1. (2015全国卷)Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. (改错)_,第二个in后添加the,2. (2014陕西高考)I learnt a impress

22、ive lesson about gravity!(改错)_3. (2014福建高考)We are playing _ part in cutting down on waste.,a改为an,a,4. (2014广东高考)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on _ top floor. 5. (2013广东高考)In the beginning, there was only _ very small amount of unfairness.,the,a,三、主谓一致,【点津】(1)在定语从句中, 关系代

23、词作主语, 其谓语动词的数和先行词保持一致, 但“one of+复数名词”后面的定语从句的谓语动词用复数, 而在“the(only/very)one of+复数名词”后面所接的定语从句中, 谓语动词却用单数。,(2)当主语后有介词(短语)with, together/along with, including, like, but, except, other than, rather than和as well as等时, 谓语动词应和前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。(3)a quantity of/quantities of和a(great, large)amount of/large am

24、ounts of后既可接可数名词, 也可接不可数名词, 其谓语动词一般视quantity和amount的单复数形式而定。,(4)a(large)number of后接可数名词复数, 其作主语时谓语动词用复数形式; a great/good deal of后接不可数名词, 其作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数形式。(5)many a, more than one后加可数名词的单数形式, 谓语动词常用单数。(6)从句、不定式或动名词作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数形式。但what引导的主语从句中, 谓语动词的形式要根据主语从句表示的意义是单数概念还是复数概念而定。,【典例剖析】单句改错(2014全国卷)M

25、y dream school look like a big garden. 解题关键: 句子的主语是单数形式, 所以谓语动词也用第三人称单数, 根据上下文可知用一般现在时, 所以用looks。答案判定: look改为looks,【高考题组】单句改错1. (2014陕西高考)Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky. _2. (2014四川高考)I am going to talk when a fire alarm go off. _,was改为were,go改为goes,3. (2014全国卷)The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas. _,mean改为means,4. (2014辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby. _5. (2013全国卷)He say if I decide to do something, it takes him much time to stop me. _,have改为has,say改为says,