高三英语二轮语法专题复习学案：动词.docx

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1、High School EnglishGuided Learning PlanContributor: Ethan Time: 14 March 2022TopicVerbsLesson TypeNewLearning Objectives动词动词从含义上可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。一、实意动词实意动词即行为动词，是表示动作的动词。实意动词分为及物动词和不及物动词，个别动词既及物又不及物。1及物动词及物动词后可直接带宾语。如：I study biology at school.2不及物动词不及物动词后不可直接带宾语。如：The boy laughed at last.My

2、money ran out.（我的钱花完了。）I ran out of my money.（我把钱花完了。）二、系动词系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成系表结构充当谓语。(1)状态系动词：表示主语状态，只有be一词。(2)持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lay, stand。(3)表像系动词：表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。(4)感官系动词：表示人的感官动作，主要有look, sound, smell, taste, feel。(5)变化系动词：表示主语变成什么样，主要有

3、come, become, go, get, turn, grow, fall, run。(6)终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。The newly-invented drinking tastes quite unique.（这种新研制的饮料尝起来挺独特的。）This matter remains a mystery.（此事仍是一个谜。）The leaves turned yellow.（树叶变黄了。）My watch has gone wrong and doesnt work.（我的表出了毛病，不走了。）She grew r

4、ich within a short time.（她没多长时间就富了。）The rumor proved false.（这谣言证实有假。）His plan turned out a success.（他的计划终于成功了。）(turn out表终止性结果)三、助动词协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词，它可以构成时态和语态。助动词本身没有词义，不可单独使用，且不译。常用的助动词有：be，have，do，shall，will。1be(1)be + 现在分词构成现在进行时。如：Who is singing?(2)be + 过去分词构成被动语态。如：He was sent to China.2ha

5、ve(1)have + 过去分词构成现在完成时。如：By the end of last year, she has finished half of the work.(2)have been + 过去分词构成现在完成进行时。如：I have been learning English since nine years ago.3do(1)前提构成一般疑问句。如：Did you see Mary yesterday?(2)do + not构成否定句。如：Sam doesnt (does not) like it.(3)置于句首构成祈使句。如：Dont (Do not) go there.(4

6、)do + 动词原形置于句首或句中构成强调句。如：Do come here tomorrow.；I do miss you.四、情态动词情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。1常用的情态动词情态动词用法can/could表示能力，意为“能，会”。Two eyes can see more than one.（两只眼比一只眼看得清。）Could the girl read before she went to school?（这女孩上学前能识字吗？）表示客观或理论上的可能性。On such a rainy

7、day, accidents can happen.（在这样的下雨天，可能会发生事故。）Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.（醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。）It can be very hot here in summer.（这里夏天有时会很热。）表示请求或允许。在疑问句中could可以代替can，语气更委婉。Can I have a look at your new pen?（我可以看一下你的新钢笔吗？）Can I have a word with you? It wont take long.（我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。）表示

8、推测，意为“可能”，用于否定句和疑问句。can比could语气强。He cant have enough money for a new car.（他不可能有足够的钱买新车。）He cant be our manager. He has gone to Beijing.（他不可能是我们经理。我们经理已经去北京了。）He cant have left. His coat is here.（他不可能已经走了。他的外套还在这里。）表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。How can you be so careless?（你怎么这么粗心呢？）may/might表示请求和许可

9、。在疑问句中might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?（我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗？）Yes, you may.（是的，可以。）表示推测，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句。might比may语气弱。He may be at home.（他可能在家。）He was afraid they might not agree with him.（他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。）I dont really like James. Why did you invite him?（我真的不喜欢詹姆斯

10、。为什么你邀请他？）Dont worry. He might not come. He said he wasnt certain what his plans were.（别担心，他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。）表示祝愿，常用结构为“May主语动词原形”。May you be happy every day!（愿你快乐每一天！）must表示“必须”，语气强烈（must表示说话人的主观看法，have to则强调客观需要）。We must do everything step by step.（我们必须循序渐进地做每件事。）Shall I inform him of the chang

11、e of the schedule right now?（我该马上通知他日程改了吗？）I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.我想你必须(通知他)，以免他开会迟到。表示推测，意为“一定”，用于肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.（他准是病了。他的脸色如此苍白。）Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet.（昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。）意为“偏要，非要不可”。If you must go,

12、 at least wait until the storm is over.（如果你非要走，至少要等到暴风雨停止。）mustnt表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。That car is my property; you mustnt use it without my permission.（那辆车是我的财产，你必须得到我的允许才能使用。）shall用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见。Shall the boy wait outside?（让那男孩在外面等吗？）Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?（我们能否

13、将运动会推迟到下个月？）Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?（明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗？）用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等；或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。You shall get an MP5 player if you pass the coming examination.（如果你通过了即将举行的考试，你会得到一个MP5的。）(允诺)You shall be punished for what you have done.（你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。）should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，

14、意为“应该”。You should be polite to your teachers.（你对老师应该有礼貌。）We should be strict with ourselves.（我们对自己应该严格要求。）表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”。Such a gentleman should do that.（这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。）表示有一定根据的推测或可能性，意为“想必一定、应该、估计”(肯定的语气没有must表推测时强)Ill come for the books he sent me tomorrow morning. OK?（我明天上午来取他寄给我的书。好吗？）OK. T

15、hey should be here by that time.（好的。到那时它们按道理应该到了。）She promised to come by 10 oclock. She should/ought to be here at any moment.（她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。）ought to表示义务或责任，意为“应该”，语气比should稍重。You are his father. You ought to take care of him.（你是他父亲，应当照顾他。）You ought not to be late for such an important meeti

16、ng.（这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。）ought to表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较强。If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now.（他如果九点出发，现在应该到这里了。）will/would表示意愿、意志、决心。will指现在，would指过去。If you will read the book, Ill lend it to you.（如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。）I said I would do my best to help you.（我说过我愿意尽我最大的努力来帮你。）I will never talk to

17、him again.（我再也不愿意和他说话了。）Why didnt you come to Simons party last night?（为什么你昨天晚上没来参加西蒙的聚会？）I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.（我想去参加，但只是我妈妈不愿意让我那么晚出去。）表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。Will you close the window? Its a bit cold.（请把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。）Would you mind clean

18、ing the window?（请把窗户擦一下好吗？）表示习惯性动作、固有属性、必然趋势，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。Fish will die without water.（没有水，鱼会死去的。）Every morning he will have a walk along this river.（每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。）Mum would tell us stories before we went to bed.（过去在我们上床睡觉前，妈妈总给我们讲故事。）表示功能，意为“能，可以”，常用于否定句。The door wont open.（这门打不开。）

19、need表示必要性。作情态动词时，need没有人称和时态的变化，后接动词原形，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。其否定形式是在其后直接加not，疑问形式是直接将need提到主语前。由need构成的一般疑问句，其肯定回答用must。You neednt telephone him now.（你现在不必给他打电话。）You neednt be told twice about one single thing.（同一件事不必对你说两遍。）Need I tell him everything thats happened to his parents?（我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗？）Yes, yo

20、u must./No, you neednt.（是的，必须。/不，没必要。）daredare作情态动词时主要用于否定句、疑问句以及条件句中，没有人称和数的变化，但有过去式dared，另外，它还可作实义动词。She dare not go out alone at night.（她晚上不敢一个人出去。）2情态动词的特殊用法(1)can表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。How can you be so careless?（你怎么这么粗心呢？）(2)must表示“偏要，硬要”做某事，指令人不快的事情。Why must it rain on Sunday?（为什么偏偏是

21、在星期天下雨呢？）(3)shall用于第三人称的陈述句中，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定。The law shall come into effect on May 1st.（这个法律从5月1日起生效。）(规定)(4)should多用于疑问句中，表示惊讶、难以相信或不应该的事，常与why或how连用，译为“竟会”。Why should you be so late today?（今天你怎么会这么晚？）(5)will/would表示某种倾向或习惯性动作，意为“经常，惯于，总是”。The door wont open.（这门打不开。）3“情态动词have done”的用法情态动词have

22、 done用法must have done一定做过某事，其否定形式为cant/couldnt have done（不可能做过某事）can/could have done1本来能够做某事但却未做2可能做过某事may/might have done或许/可能做过某事should/ought to have done本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了neednt have done做了本没有必要做的事情He is so happy. He must have won the match.（他这么高兴，他一定赢了这次比赛。）It must have rained last night, f

23、or the ground is wet.（昨晚肯定下雨了，因为地面都湿了。）She cant have read about the explosion. She didnt know anything about it.（她不可能读过关于爆炸的消息，她对此一点也不知道。）I saw Mr. Wang just now. He couldnt have gone to Beijing.（我刚才看见王先生了。他不可能去北京了。）You could have done better, but you were too careless.（你本来能做得更好些，但你当时太粗心了。）She may h

24、ave bought the dictionary, but Im not sure.（她可能买了那本词典，但我不太确信。）Im not sure. He might have said so at the conference.（我拿不准，或许在会上他说过这样的话。）Sorry, Im late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.（对不起，我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关掉后又睡着了。）You should have come to the meeting earlier.（你本应该早点来开会的

25、。）There are so many mistakes in your composition. You should have fixed full attention on it.（你的作文里有这么多的错误。你本应该把所有的注意力都集中在它上面的。）You neednt have woken me up. I dont have to go to work today.（你没有必要叫醒我的。我今天不用去上班。）We neednt have bought so much food now that Suzie wont be with us for dinner.（既然苏西不与我们一起吃晚

26、饭，我们原本不必买那么多食物。）五、动词变化1第三人称单数情况变化例词一般情况加-sgets，plays以s，x，ch，sh，o结尾的加-esfixes，catches，washes，goes以辅音字母 + y结尾的变y为i，加-esstudies（study），tries（try）2现在分词情况变化例词一般情况加-ingasking，looking以不发音的e结尾的去掉e，加-ingtaking（take），writing（write）以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写末尾辅音字母，加-ingsitting，putting，running，beginning3过去式及过去分词（1）

27、规则变化情况变化例词一般情况加-edoffered，started，talked以e结尾的加-dlived，hoped，used以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写末尾辅音字母，加-edstopped，planned，preferred以辅音字母 + y结尾的变y为i，加-edcarried（carry），worried（worry）（2）不规则变化附：动词不规则变化表六、短语动词附：常用动词短语随堂练习单句改错1Meanwhile, I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last.2However, there

28、 have some disadvantages.3At night we shall sit in the yard, chatting and observe the stars in the sky.4The new secretary will supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives. 1mustcould/might 2haveare 3observeobserving 4willis附 录：不规则动词表betbet/bettedbet/betted打赌broadcastbroadcastbroadcast广播

29、；播送bidbid/badebid/bidden出价burstburstburst爆发；发生castcastcast投，掷；扔costcostcost花费cutcutcut切；割forecastforecast/forecastedforecast/forecasted预报hithithit打hurthurthurt伤害knitknit/knittedknit/knitted编织letletlet让putputput放quitquit/quittedquit/quitted停止readreadread读ridrid/riddedrid/ridded除去setsetset放；放置shutshut

30、shut关闭spitspit/spatspit/spat吐splitsplitsplit劈开；分开spreadspreadspread散布；传播sweatsweat/sweatedsweat/sweated出汗thrustthrustthrust刺；刺入upsetupsetupset颠覆；扰乱wedwed/weddedwed/wedded结婚wetwet/wettedwet/wetted打湿beatbeatbeaten打；击败；(心脏)跳动comecamecome来becomebecamebecome变成overcomeovercameovercome克服runranrun跑1在动词原形后面加

31、辅音字母(e)d或t构成过去式、过去分词hearheardheard听见burnburnt/burnedburnt/burned燃烧learnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learned学dreamdreamtdreamt梦想meanmeantmeant意思是leanleant/leanedleant/leaned倾斜leapleapt/leapedleapt/leaped跳跃；跨越spoilspoilt/spoiledspoilt/spoiled破坏；宠坏dealdealtdealt处理2.把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母d改成tbuildbuiltbuilt建设rebuildreb

32、uiltrebuilt重建lendlentlent借出；借给sendsentsent送；发射；派遣spendspentspent度过；花费bendbentbent弯腰；低头；弯曲3.动词原形中有a则改为aught,无a则改为oughtcatchcaughtcaught抓；赶上teachtaughttaught教；教书buyboughtbought买bringbroughtbrought带来；拿来fightfoughtfought打架；争吵；作战seeksoughtsought寻找thinkthoughtthought想4.把eel、ell改成eltfeelfeltfelt感觉kneelknel

33、tknelt跪下smellsmeltsmelt闻到spellspeltspelt拼写5.去掉一个e或去掉一个a或去掉一个ofeedfedfed喂养；饲养meetmetmet碰见；遇见speedspedsped加速；快速前进bleedbledbled流血breedbredbred繁殖；产生leadledled领导；引导misleadmisledmisled误导；欺骗shootshotshot射击；击中6.改变元音字母(把i变为u或把i、e变为o,把o变为e,把i变为a等)digdugdug挖掘hanghunghung挂spinspunspun旋转stickstuckstuck粘贴；插入sting

34、stungstung刺激；叮咬swingswungswung摆动；突然转向shineshoneshone照耀；使发光shinedshined擦亮；擦光winwonwon赢得；获胜getgotgot/gotten得到holdheldheld握；举行sitsatsat坐7.eep变为eptkeepkeptkept保持sleepsleptslept睡觉oversleepoversleptoverslept睡过头creepcreptcrept爬行weepweptwept哭泣sweepsweptswept打扫8.ay变为aid,ell变为old,and变为ood,ind变为oundpaypaidpaid

35、付款repayrepaidrepaid偿还；报答laylaidlaid下蛋；产卵；放置saysaidsaid说sellsoldsold卖telltoldtold告诉retellretoldretold复述foretellforetoldforetold预告；预言standstoodstood站，站立understandunderstoodunderstood明白；懂得misunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood误会；误解findfoundfound找到；发现windwoundwound卷起；缠绕9.其他bitebitbit/bitten咬blessblesse

36、d/blestblessed/blest祝福have/hashadhad有hidehidhid/hidden隐藏；躲藏leaveleftleft离开lightlit/lightedlit/lighted点燃；照亮loselostlost失去；丢失makemademade制作；制造slideslidslid滑动spillspilled/spiltspilled/spilt溢出1动词原形后n或en构成过去分词taketooktaken拿；取overtakeovertookovertaken追上；超过mistakemistookmistaken误认；误解undertakeundertookunder

37、taken承担；保证shaveshavedshaven/shaved剃须sawsawedsawn/sawed锯sowsowedsown/sowed播种shakeshookshaken摇头；摇晃seesawseen看见foreseeforesawforeseen预见eatateeaten吃fallfellfallen跌倒givegavegiven给forgiveforgaveforgiven原谅；宽恕drivedrovedriven驾驶riseroserisen升起arisearosearisen出现；发生rideroderidden骑writewrotewritten写2.过去式n或en构成过

38、去分词breakbrokebroken打破speakspokespoken说话freezefrozefrozen结冰；凝固wakewokewoken醒weavewovewoven编织awakeawokeawoken唤醒choosechosechosen选择stealstolestolen偷forgetforgotforgotten忘记hidehidhidden躲藏forbidforbade/forbadforbidden禁止3ow/aw/ewew/edown/awn/ewn型blowblewblown吹growgrewgrown生长knowknewknown知道throwthrewthrown

39、投；掷overthrowoverthrewoverthrown推翻drawdrewdrawn拖；拉withdrawwithdrewwithdrawn撤退sewsewedsewn/sewed缝showshowedshown出示4.iau型beginbeganbegun开始shrinkshrank/shrunkshrunk/shrunken萎缩drinkdrankdrunk喝；饮ringrangrung打电话；按(铃)sinksanksunk下沉singsangsung唱歌swimswamswum游泳springsprang/sprungsprung弹跳；弹起5.earoreorn型bearbor

40、eborn忍受；生育teartoretorn撕裂；撕破wearworeworn穿；戴swearsworesworn发誓6.其他be(am，is)wasbeen是be(are)werebeen是do/doesdiddone做gowentgone去lielaylain躺flyflewflown飞附 录：常用动词短语1addadd in算入，包括add to增加，加到add up加起来，总计add up to总计，共达2agreeagree on就达成共识agree to同意(建议等)agree with同意；与一致，适合于3breakbreak away from脱离break down坏掉；出故

41、障；垮掉break into闯入，破门而入break out(战争)爆发break in破门而入break off打断；中断break through逾越，突破；冲破break up打碎；(物理)分解；分开；结束；制止4bringbring about导致，引起bring down降低；使倒下bring forth结果，生产，产生bring forward提出；提前bring back把带回来；使记起；使恢复bring on引起；使发展；提出(论点等)供讨论bring out使显出；使(意义等)明白表示出来bring up养育，培养；呕吐；提出5callcall for需要；邀请call on

42、/at号召；访问call in召集；召来call off取消call up召唤，召集；打电话6carrycarry on继续，坚持carry out执行carry back使记起carry away失去理智carry off获胜；成功做成(困难之事)carry through帮助渡过难关；完成，实现7comecome about发生come across偶遇come to共计，达到，苏醒come true变为现实come up走上前，被提出come up with提出come along一起来come into being形成；产生come into power上台；执政come to light为人所知come out结果是；出来；出版；开花come on(表示劝说、激励、不耐烦等)来；快；得了8cutcut down砍倒cut in插嘴；突然插入cut up切碎cut off隔绝；切断；中止9diedie off相继死去die out死光，灭绝die away(风、声音)渐渐消失die down(风、雨等)逐渐平息die of死于(疾病，情感，年老等)die from死于(尤指死于意外事故或疾病、情感以外的原因)10getget abou