PMP考前培训.pptx

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1、无忧资源:http:/ 具体目标:明确定义、现实可行的目标(clearly defined realistic objectives)。临时性或一次性(Temporary):明确的开始与结束。独特性(Unique):创造独特的产品、服务或结果。相关的活动并消耗资源(Interrelated activities and consume resources)。问题:项目的4个特征中最重要的2个是什么?项目与日常运营的共性与区别?无忧资源:http:/ Elaboration)PMBOK1.2.3 是临时性与 独特性的综合。渐进:按步骤进行,稳步增加细化:仔细地将内容的细节全面展开。问题:以下哪一

2、个不能被渐进细化?A:范围 B:风险 C:项目产品 D:项目服务无忧资源:http:/ 项目中某一部分,在一定水平上是独立运作的时候,就称之为“子项目”。可内:Project team.可外:Subcontractor.以一个单独阶段或项目过程为基础。例如:根据过程分:实施人员技能分:工种技术内容分:程序自动测试。无忧资源:http:/ operations运维例如:飞机生产出版报刊杂志单一项目就是项目群的子项目。在很多情况下可以互用。无忧资源:http:/ Management)公司战略与可用资源有机结合的一种投资管理战略。(Investment Management Strategy co

3、ordinating organizations strategic and available resources)选择和支持某些产品生产线项目或大型项目,通过这些项目把公司战略与资源联系在一起。(Selection and support of specific product line projects and programs that link the organizations strategic plan,investments)无忧资源:http:/ Dictionary绩效评估资源管理题外话:CAPMPMPAutoCAQSoftware DevelopmentPMP+3500

4、Hr+75QuestionsPMO无忧资源:http:/ 概念(Concept)开发(Development)实施(Implementation)结束(Termination)问题:冲突在项目生命周期中最多的阶段是?冲突在项目生命周期中次多的阶段是?必须是4个阶段吗?无忧资源:http:/ 阶段的结束以预先定义的可交付成果为标志风险最大影响时段项目生命周期的特性项目生命周期的特性(I)成本无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK4.1.1.4 Applicable restriction affect the performance of the project.limit teams option

5、 on scope,staffing,schedule.问题:我们能改变制约因素吗?我们能回避制约因素吗?制约因素的几个可能的来源是什么?无忧资源:http:/ for planning purpose considered to be True,Real or Certain Project team frequently Identify,Document,and Validate assumptions as part of Planning Process.无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK4.1.3.1 项目计划:Formal,approved document used to ma

6、nage project execution.Change over time.Includes a lot:项目绩效基线:Scope Time Cost Changed upon the approved changes on scope of work/deliverable.无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK4.2.2 一般管理技术。产品技能和知识。(resource planning and staff acquisition)工作授权体系(Work authorization system)批准项目工作的一个正式程序,用来确保:按照恰当的时间、顺序完成工作。状态评审会 PMIS 组织

7、程序无忧资源:http:/ Work Result PMBOK4.2.3.1 定义:为完成项目所执行活动的各种结果。(Outcomes of activities performed to accomplish the project.)提供如下信息:Deliverables 哪个完成,哪个没有 Quality standard 满足程度如何 Cost incurred/Committed(源自绩效报告)Can be Tangible or Intangible,But always Measurable.无忧资源:http:/ Change Request PMBOK4.2.3.2 通常在项

8、目工作完成时被识别。例如:对范围、成本、进度的变更申请。多种形式:oral/written,direct/indirect,externally/internally initiated,legal/optional 但是,必须是正式的(Formal)无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK4.3(Integrated Change Controls)关心的是:对引起变更的因素施加影响,以保证这些变更是征得同意的。确定变更已经发生。当变更实际发生时进行管理。注意:以上3条适用于具体变更控制过程,如:Scope,cost,time 要做的是:维护performance measurement base

9、line完整性 确保product scope的变更在Project scope中反映 协调各知识领域的变更。通过:拒绝新的变更。批准变更并修订项目基线。无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK4.3.2.1(Change Control System)由以下内容组成:正式、文档化的程序。包括正式项目文件变更的步骤。规定如何对项目绩效进行监督和评估。包括:1.文书工作(Paperwork)2.跟踪制度和流程(Tracking systems and processes)3.授权变更所需的批准级别(Approval level necessary for authorizing changes)控制小

10、组(CCB,ERB,TRB,TAB)“自动”批准变更无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK4.3.2.1(Configuration Management)任何文档化的程序,用于对以下方面进行技术和行政的指挥与监督:识别工作项或系统的物理特性物理特性和功能特征功能特征,并形成文档。控制这些特征的任何变更。记录并报告这些变更及实施状态。审计这些工作项和系统以证实其与需求一致。很多领域是变更控制系统的子集。也可能指对变更进行的任何系统的管理。不能“自动”批准变更无忧资源:http:/ Product Description PMBOK5.1.1.1 把项目将要创造的产品或服务的特征编制成文档。应将产品

11、或服务与商业需求或其他导致项目产生原因之间的关系编制成文档。可以随项目的进行渐进细化。在项目初期,be less detail/high level,然后但是,又要 detailed enough for project planning当Seller按照与Buyer订立的Contract执行时,最初的产品描述一般由Buyer提供。无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK5.1.2.1 Project Selection Method 方法:1.效益测量法(Benefit measurement methods)Economic Model,scoring model,2.约束优化法(Constra

12、ined optimization methods)Mathematical Model,决策模型 Decision Model:General Techniques(decision trees,forced choice)Specific Techniques(Analytic Hierarchy Process,Logical Framework Analysis,)Apply complex project selection criteria in a Sophisticated modeseparate project phase(Feasibility Study phase)D

13、ecision Model无忧资源:http:/ Calculation)q投资报酬率投资报酬率(ROI)=Operating income/Investmentq现值现值(PV)=FV/(1+r)nq净现值净现值(NPV)q内部收益率内部收益率(IRR)使投资现值之和等于收入现值之和的折现率。q回收期(回收期(Payback period)无忧资源:http:/ Project Charter PMBOK5.1.3.1 定义:A document that formally authorizes a project.内容:1.Officially establishes the projec

14、t.2.Assign the project manager and authorizes the use of organizations resources to accomplish project activities.3.Provides a general description of project objective and business reason for project.问题:以下哪个是销售方(seller)的项目章程?1.Contract3.Statement of requirement2.Scope statement 4.Statement of Object

15、ive无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK5.1.3.2 Project Managers Assignment 项目可行,越早越好。最迟不得晚于Execution.Preferable早于项目计划编制完成前。问题:以上哪个最好?One answering principle,only choose the best fit answer.无忧资源:http:/ Scope Statement PMBOK5.1.3.1 Provides a documented basis for1.Making future project decision2.Confirming or developing

16、 common understanding of project scope among the stakeholders.Will be revised or refined to reflect approved scope changes.Includes or reference to:项目论证(Project justification)Business needs;a basis for tradeoffs.Projects product product description(5.1.1.1)Project deliverables a list of summary leve

17、l Sub-products.Project objectives quantifiable criteria to measure successat least:Cost Schedule QualitySMART Objective无忧资源:http:/ subdividing the major project deliverables or sub-deliverables smallermore manageable unitsUntil sufficient detailed defined deliverables toSupport developing Activity.分

18、解分解 Decomposition PMBOK5.2.2.2 Step 1:识别主要可交付成果 Identify major deliverablesStep 2:Decide if adequate cost and duration estimate can be developedStep 3:Identify constituent components(组成元素)Step 4:Verify the correctness 无忧资源:http:/ WBS PMBOK5.3.3.1 面向可交付成果而对项目元素的分组,它组织并定义了整个项目范围。Deliverable-oriented,N

19、ot activity oriented.Work not in WBS is outside scope of project.Unique identifier Code of accountWork package Lowest level item of WBS Can be decomposed in a Subproject WBS.some books:80 hours.WBS dictionary:work component descriptions.typically include:work package,schedule dates,Cost budget,staff

20、 assignment无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK5.3.3.1 CWBS(Contractual WBS):合同工作分解结构定义卖方提供给买方报告的层次,不如WBS详细。OBS(Organization breakdown structure):组织分解结构显示工作被分配到组织单元。RBS(Resource breakdown structure):资源分解结构OBS的一种变异,将工作元素分配到个人。BOM(Bill of Material):材料清单制造产品所需零部件等的分级层次。PBS(Project breakdown Structure):项目分解结构即WBS,用于某些将BOM

21、称为WBS的领域。无忧资源:http:/ Scope Verification PMBOK5.4 是项目干系人正式接受(Formal Acceptance)项目的过程。需要审查Deliverables和Work results,以确保正确圆满完成。项目提前终止,则应对项目完成程度建立文档。注意区别:范围核实与质量控制。范围核实:关心工作结果的“接受Acceptance”质量控制:关心工作结果的“正确性Correctness”Inspection=Review,product reviews,audits,walkthrough无忧资源:http:/ Change Request PMBOK5.

22、5.1.3 多种形式:oral/written,direct/indirect,externally/internally initiated,legal/optional但是,必须是正式的(Formal)引起变更申请的原因:1.外部事件2.定义Product scope 时的错误或遗漏(error/omission)3.定义Project scope 时的错误或遗漏(error/omission)4.Value-adding change(尤其在Optional时)5.Riskcontingency plan or workaround plan.(11.6.3.3)无忧资源:http:/

23、Definition 活动定义活动定义 PMBOK6.1分解(Decomposition 6.1.2.1):将工作包细分为:更小、更易于管理的活动(Activity)。与范围定义中分解的区别:Output 不同:deliverable/activity.活动清单(6.1.3.1)项目执行的所有活动。WBS的延伸。每个活动要有描述。WBS更新(6.1.3.3)。又叫精细化 Refinement.无忧资源:http:/ 依赖关系依赖关系 PMBOK6.2q Mandatory 强制强制 qOften involve physical or technological limitations(bas

24、ed on the nature of work being done)q也叫硬逻辑,硬依赖关系。q Discretionary 任意任意q Best practiceq 软逻辑 Soft Logic:desirable and customary(based on experience)q 优先 Preferential:preferred or mandated by a customer(also,need of the project sponsor)q Externalq Project activity with nonproject activity.无忧资源:http:/ PM

25、BOK6.2.2.1 Precedence Diagramming MethodAON(Activity on Node):Node=activity,Arrow=dependencies One time estimateLead and LagFour relationships:Finish to StartFinish to FinishStart to StartStart to FinishTASK1TASK2TASK1TASK2TASK1TASK2TASK1TASK2ESEFLSLFESEFLSLF无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK6.2.2.2 Arrow Diagrammin

26、g MethodAOA(Activity on Arrow):双代号网络图,活动在箭线上。有虚拟活动Dummy Activity:一般用虚线表示,0 duration.No LagOne relationship:Finish to startS1234EABCDEFG无忧资源:http:/ PERT PMBOK6.4.2.1Three time estimate悲观值 Pessimistic最可能值 Most Likely乐观值 OptimisticWeighted Average=(Optimistic+4*Most likely+Pessimistic)/6Standard deviat

27、ion(标准差)=(Pessimistic-Optimistic)/6Beta DistributionMost LikelyPERT Weighted Average无忧资源:http:/ CPM PMBOK6.4.2.1One time estimate Most likelyCalculate forward pass&backward passFloat/Slack 时差Free float=Early Finish-Early start of successor activity(不影响任何紧随活动的ES。)Total Float=Early finish Late finish(

28、不影响项目完工日期。)Critical PathLongestShortestZero无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK6.2.2.3 Conditional Diagramming Method GERT:图形评审技术允许回路(LOOP,如:重复多次进行一项测试)或条件分枝(Conditional branches,如:只有当检测出错误时才进行设计更新)的存在,这是PDM和ADM所不允许的。Conditional and probabilistic treatmentSystem Dynamics Models:系统动态模型无忧资源:http:/ Sub Nets Fragnets PMBO

29、K6.2.2.4网络模板(Network templates)使制图过程更便捷。可包括整个项目,也可是其中一部分。网络的一部分称为:子网络。特别用于网络中有重叠或相似内容时。例如:盖楼的每一层、医药临床等。无忧资源:http:/ Crashing:成本与进度的平衡/折衷。(cost and schedule tradeoff)。确定如何用最小的成本获得最大的工期压缩。通常成本增加。快速跟进 Fast tracking:将前后顺序变为平行(change sequence to parallel)。通常风险增加。工期压缩工期压缩 Duration Compression PMBOK6.4.2.2

30、无忧资源:http:/ Leveling/Smoothing/Allocation:用在 resources constraint circumstances.将稀缺资源先分配到关键路径上。Allocate scare resources to the Critical Path Activities first.通常导致比最初进度更长的工期。Often result the longer duration than preliminary schedule.资源重新分配(Resource Reallocation):用在 time constraint circumstances将资源从非关

31、键路径上重新分配到关键路径上,以弥补已经落今后的进度,或尽可能接近原定工期。(Resources reallocated from non-critical to critical activities to bring the schedule back,or as close as possible to its originally intended overall duration.)Extend hours,weekends,multiple shifts.Increase productivity by using different technologies and machin

32、ery.启发式资源平衡法启发式资源平衡法 PMBOK6.4.2.4 Resource Leveling Heuristics无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK6.4.2.4 Resource Leveling Heuristics资源逆向分配(Reverse resource allocation scheduling):有限或关键资源(Finite and critical resource).从项目结束时间逆推进度(Scheduled backwards from ending date)关键路径资源计划 Critical Chain resource Planning:A techniq

33、ue modifies the schedule to account for limited resources.Question:Add more people on a task can increase or decrease the productivity?无忧资源:http:/ Schedule Updates PMBOK6.5.3.1更新 Update:Modification to scheduleMay or May Not require to adjustments to other aspects of project Plan.修订 Revision:Special

34、 category of Update.Change to the start and finish dates in approved project schedule.Generally in response to the scope changes or changes to estimate.重新确定基线 Rebaselining:While schedule severe delay,the original performance measurement baseline not applicableBe careful,since the historical data wil

35、l be lost.无忧资源:http:/ Management)Whats cost management?Including:Initiate the projectEstimatingOrganizingControllingAnalyzingReportingForecastingTaking necessary corrective action when required.无忧资源:http:/ Estimating Techniques)q模拟模拟(类比类比)估算估算 Analogous Estimating “topdown”;usingactualcostsfromprevi

36、ousprojectasbasisforestimateReliable when previous projects are similar and individuals have expertise form of expert judgmentq参数模型参数模型 Parametric Modeling usesprojectcharacteristicsinmathematicalmodelstopredictcosts(e.g.buildinghouses)Reliable when historical information is accurate,parameters are

37、quantifiable,and model is scalable2types:Regressionanalysis,LearningCurveq从下至上的估算从下至上的估算 Bottom Up Estimating rollingupindividualactivitiesintoprojecttotalsmallerworkactivitieshavemoreaccuracy q计算机工具计算机工具 Computerized tools spreadsheets,software无忧资源:http:/ of Estimates)q量级估算OrderofMagnitudeEstimate:

38、-25%to75%;Withoutdetaileddata,Bestguess,usuallymadeduringInitiationPhaseOtherNames:guesstimates,Conceptual,Preliminaryq预算估算BudgetEstimate:-10%to25%;Morebetterdata,usuallymadeduringthePlanningphaseOtherNames:Appropriation,Control,andDesignq确定估算DefinitiveEstimate:-5%to10%;Welldefineddata,usuallybottom

39、up.OtherNames:Check,Lumpsum,Tender,Postcontractchanges.无忧资源:http:/ Estimates:量级估算Order of Magnitude(ballpark estimate):During initial evaluation预算估算Budget:Used to obtain funds and project approval.确定估算Definitive:Proposals,bid evaluation,contract change etc.Order of MagnitudeDefinitiveEstimateBudget

40、Estimate75%-25%25%-10%10%-5%无忧资源:http:/ cycle costing)q开发成本开发成本 Development costq生产成本生产成本 Production costq运维成本运维成本 Operating/Maintenance costq处置成本处置成本 Discard costDisposalcostwhileproductpasseditspointofusefulness.(e.g.电池,化学品etc.)无忧资源:http:/ Value of MoneyqPV=amount of payment in N years divided by(

41、1+interest)n qNPV=Sum of PV of inflow and outflowNPV0,goNPV=0,considerNPVAC,节约;EVBV,超前;EVBV,滞后。ETC指从今以后一段时间;EAC指工作结束那个点。无忧资源:http:/ 质量质量 Quality:实体中与它满足明确需要和隐含需要的能力相关的所有特性的总和。Totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.Five misunderstandings a

42、bout quality:1.Quality means goodness or luxury.2.Quality is intangible and not measurable.3.Quality is Expensive.4.Quality problem is originated by workers.5.Quality originate in quality department.区别质量与等级:如酒店星级区别质量与镀金(Gold plating)无忧资源:http:/ Quality Goals质量的目标是:适合于使用Fitness for use.(产品或服务能否使用?Is

43、the product or service capable of being used?)适合于目的Fitness for purpose.(产品或服务达到了设计目标?Does the product or service meet its intended purpose?)顾客满意 Customer satisfaction.(产品或服务满足了顾客的期望?Does the product or service meet the customers expectations?)符合需求 Conformance to the requirements.(产品或服务是否符合要求?Does th

44、e product or service conform to the requirements?)无忧资源:http:/ Responsibility for Quality q高层管理高层管理 Top management负责组织的质量。负责组织的质量。Responsible for Quality of the Organizationq项目经理项目经理Project manager负责项目的质量。负责项目的质量。Responsible for Quality of the project qIndividual employee负责其所做工作的质量。负责其所做工作的质量。Respons

45、ible for the tasks they performed无忧资源:http:/ Planning 质量计划质量计划 PMBOK8.1.1 q确定与项目有关的质量标准并确定达到标准的方法。q质量政策(Quality policy)q有组织的最高层正式发布的关于质量的总宗旨和总方向。q如果组织没有正式质量政策,项目团队应该为项目指定质量政策。q项目团队有责任确保干系人全面获知质量政策。q范围说明(Scope statement)q产品描述(Product description)q标准和规范(Standard and regulation)无忧资源:http:/ Design of Ex

46、periments PMBOK8.1.2.4q一种统计方法,帮助识别哪些因素将影响某种变量。q多用于项目产品上。如:汽车设计中确定哪种悬置与车轮的搭配效果最好,并且价位合理。q项目中的用途成本与进度tradeoff:高级工程师的费用高但用时少,低级工程师则相反。将高级和低级工程师进行多种组合,已确定最佳。无忧资源:http:/ Cost 质量成本质量成本 PMBOK8.1.2.5q质量成本指为了达到产品/服务质量而进行的全部工作所发生的所有成本。包括符合要求的成本和不符合要求的成本。(Cost of Conformance/non-conformance)q典型项目一般设定项目价值的3-5%作

47、为质量管理的成本。质量成本类型质量成本类型 Quality Cost Category:q预防成本预防成本Prevention Cost-costtoplanandexecuteaprojectsothatitwillbeerror-freeq鉴定成本鉴定成本Appraisal Cost-costofevaluatingtheprocessesandtheoutputsoftheprocessestoensuretheproductiserror-freeq内部失败(故障)成本内部失败(故障)成本 Internal Failure Cost-costincurredtocorrectanide

48、ntifieddefectbeforethecustomerreceivestheproductq外部失败(故障)成本外部失败(故障)成本 External Failure Cost-costincurredduetoerrorsdetectedbythecustomer.Thisincludeswarrantycost,fieldservicepersonneltrainingcost,complainthandling,andfuturebusinesslosses.q测量与检测设备成本测量与检测设备成本Measurement and Test Equipment-capitalcosto

49、fequipmentusedtoperformpreventionandappraisalactivities.无忧资源:http:/ and QC Comparison q质量保证(QA):在质量体系中实施的全部有计划、有系统的活动,以提供满足项目相关标准的信心。q质量控制(QC):一个过程,用来监控具体项目结果,以决定他们是否符合相关的质量标准,并识别消除不满意绩效的成因。QAManagerial processOrganizeDesigns programs/processesSets objectivesProvide resourcesDevelops proceduresQCTec

50、hnical aspect of QualityExaminesAnalyzesMonitors conformanceProvides reporting无忧资源:http:/ PMBOK8.3预防预防(prevention)与检查与检查(inspection)特性抽样特性抽样(attribute sampling)与变量抽样与变量抽样(variable sampling)特殊原因特殊原因(special cause)与随机原因与随机原因(random cause)许可的误差许可的误差(Tolerance/Threshold)与控制限度与控制限度(control limits)无忧资源:ht

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