2021北京考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

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1、20212021 北京考研英语一真题及答案北京考研英语一真题及答案SectionSection UseUse ofof EnglishEnglishDirections:Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memor

2、yand the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve newproblems.It l in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then 2 startsto slowly decline as we age.But 3 aging is inevitable,scientists are finding outthat certain changes in brain function may not be.One stud

3、y found that muscle 1ossand the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluidintelligence.This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fatfrom more than

4、 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reportedchanges in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-agedpeople 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligenceas the years 11.For women,the association may be 12to changes in im

5、munity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immunesystem did not appear to be 13.It is hoped that future studies could 14 thesedifferences and perhaps lead to different15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat andmaintain leanmuscle mass as you age

6、 in order to protect both your physical and mental 18.Thetwo highlyrecommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobicexercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminateshighly processed foods.1.A pausesB returnC peaksD fades2.A alternative

7、lyB formallyC accidentallyD generally3.A whileB sinceC onceD until4.A detectionB accumulationC consumptionD separation5.A possibilityB decisionC goalD requirement6.A delayB ensureC seekD utilize7.A modifiedB supportedC includedD predicted8.A devotedB comparedC convertedD applied9.A withB aboveC byD

8、against10.A livedB managedC scoredD played11.A ran outB set offC drew inD went by12.A superiorB attributableC parallelD resistant13.A restoredB isolatedC involvedD controlled14.A alterB spreadC removeD explain15.A compensationsB symptomsC demandsD treatments16.A LikewiseB MeanwhileC ThereforeD Inste

9、ad17.A changeB watchC countD take18.A well-beingB processC formationD coordination19.A levelB loveC knowledgeD space20.A designB routineC dietD prescription1.【答案】C peaks【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。文章首段首句为主题句，谈到一个概念：流体智力（fluid intelligence），是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。想要解决空格处需要分析整句话的逻辑关系。前文提到青年人，后文

10、提到这种流体智力智力随着年龄增长会慢慢下降，所以根据时间发展的关系，前面提到这种智力在青年时达到峰值（peaks），并且会停留一段时间，随后随着年龄的增长会逐渐下降。正确答案为 peaks。pauses 暂停；return 恢复，返回；fades 逐渐消退。2.【答案】D generally【解析】此处考察词汇辨析。根据上一道题目的具体分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象得修饰，we age 体现我们大所数人，所以应该选择 D generally。alternatively 要不然，或者（二者择其一）；formally 正式地，正规地；accidentally 偶然地。3.【答案】A wh

11、ile【解析】此处考察句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词 But 开始，但考察句内之间的意思转折：但是，3 年纪增长不可避免，科学家发现某些大脑功能不会发生变化。年纪增长和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以应该选择 while，尽管。since 因为；当.时；once一旦；until 直到。4.【答案】C consumption【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词 and 将空格处与前文 muscle loss并列，行车前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。所给选项中只有 C 选项 consumption 意思是消耗的意思，带入原文符合句意。detect

12、ion 侦查，勘察；accumulation 积累，积攒，增加；separation 分开，分离。5.【答案】A possibility【解析】此处考察词义辨析。suggest 一词是解题的关键，这个单词用在北京考研英语的文章中大部分都是暗示的意思，that 引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词 may 表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以选择 possibility。decision 决定；goal 目标；requirement 要求。6.【答案】A delay【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词 or 将空格处和前文 prevent 构成近义词的关系，del

13、ay 延迟和 prevent 阻止是相近句意表达。ensure 确保；seek 寻求，请求；utilize利用，使用；7.【答案】C included【解析】此处考察词义辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中 that 引导的是一个定语从句，从句列举了 data 的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明 data 的内容，要选择included 包含，包括。modified 改变；supported 支持；predicted 预测。8.【答案】B compared【解析】此处考察动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。空格处表 devote to 把.专用于，完全用于；compare A to

14、 B 将 A 和 B 进行比较；convert A to B 将 A 转变成 B；applyA to B将 A 应用于 B。空格处所在句意为将那些数据和已知报道进行.。后文和下文都是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以应该选择 compare。9.【答案】A with【解析】此处考察介词的用法。这个介词里只有 with 能体现的是某种状态：有着较高腹部脂肪检测结果的中年人.10.【答案】C scored【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子表达：有着较高腹部脂肪单位的中年人在流体智力检测时得分不高，测量智力是会得出具体分数的，就像我们平时说的智力测试。lived 生存，活着；ma

15、naged 完成；scored 得分；played 表现。11.【答案】D went by【解析】此处考察动词短语辨析。.as the years went by.随着时间的流逝，也算是固定的搭配。ran out 耗尽，放弃；set off 出发，动身，启程；drew in 吸引，拉入。12.【答案】B attributable【解析】此处考察形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论得是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响

16、的。attributable to 归因于.;superiorto 优于，胜于；parallel to 平行于，与.平等；resistance to 抵抗。13.【答案】C involved【解析】此处考察非谓语动词词义辨析。分析了上一题，这一道题也迎刃而解，空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，did not appear to be involved，似乎不涉及在内。14.【答案】D explain【解析】此处考察动词辨析+句意理解。It is hoped that.体现出是寄希望于以后的实验研究来得出结论。alter 改变，变更，更改；spread 开展，传播；r

17、emove 移除，清除。15.【答案】D treatment【解析】此处考察词义辨析。空格处所在句子表明：希望今后的研究能够解释这些差异，并可能导致对男人和女人的不同待遇。因为有差别才应该采取不同的对待方式。compensations补偿；symptoms 症状；demands 要求，需求；treatments 处理，对待。16.【答案】B Meanwhile【解析】此处考察段落之间的逻辑关系。there are steps 体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进的关系。meanwhile 同时；Likewise 同样地，也；Therefore 因此；Inste

18、ad 代替，而不是。17.【答案】D take【解析】此处考察定语从句+短语搭配。there are steps you can 17 to help reduceabdominal fat.you can 的前面省略了定语从句关系词 that，从句修饰 steps，takesteps to do 短语表示采取措施做某事。Change 改变；watch 注意，观察；count 数数。18.【答案】A well-being【解析】此处考察固定短语搭配。physical and mental well-being 身心健康。19.【答案】A level【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句意理解。空格所在处

19、意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，一是保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。Love 喜爱；knowledge 知识；space 空间。20.【答案】C diet【解析】此处考察单词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面 that 引导的从句是这道题的解题关键：that 引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么从句的内容就是先行词得以选出得重要线索。从句中主要讨论事物的问题，那么空格处应该填入 diet 饮食符合语法结构和句意表达。Design 设计；routine 行程，流程；prescription 处方。SectionSection IIII ReadingReading ComprehensionCompreh

20、ensionPartPart A ADirections:Directions:ReadRead thethe followingfollowing fourfour texts.texts.AnswerAnswer thethe questionsquestions belowbelow eacheach texttext byby choosingchoosingA,A,B,B,C Coror D.D.MarkMark youryour answersanswers onon thethe ANSWERANSWER SHEETSHEET(40(40 points)points)TextTe

21、xt 1 1How can Britains train operators possibly justify yet another increase to railpassenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travellingby train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the railnetwork to getto wor

22、k or otherwise.This year s rise an average of 2.7 percent,maybe a factionlower than lastyears,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er(CPI)measureof inflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the costofinvesting in and running the rail net

23、work.Should be borne by those who use it,ratherthan thegeneral taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner fromLincoln-shire haveto subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey?Equally,there is asense that thetravails of commuters in the south East,many of whom will fac

24、e among the biggestrises,havereceived too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poorinfrastructureof the Mid lands and the North.However,over the past 12 months,those commuters have also experienced some of theworstrail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators t

25、rumpeting theimprovements they aremaking to the network,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level ofservice for thesubstantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the test waveof strikes restson the wines.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst

26、 affectedbyindustrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum servicerequirement,so that even when strikes occur services can continue to operate.This should frompart of a widerpackage of measures to

27、 address the long-running problems on Britains railways.Yes,moreinvestment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitelyif they must alsoendure cramped,unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tablesare changed,orplanned maintenance is managed incompetently.

28、They threat of nationalization mayhave beenseen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger ofpassengers is notaddressed in short order.21.The author holds that this years increase in rail passenger faresA has kept pace with inflation.B is a big surprise to commuters.C rem

29、ains an unreasonable measure.D will ease train operators burden.答案：C22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand forA rail travelers.B car drivers.C local investors.Dordinary taxpayers.答案：A23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operatorsA have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.B

30、have failed to provide an adequate service.C are offering compensation to commuters.D are trying to repair relations with the unions答案：B24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to faceA the loss of investment.B the collapse of operations.C a reduction of revenue.D a change of owner

31、ship.答案：D25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?B Constant Complaining Doesnt WorkC Can Nationalization Bring Hope?D Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable答案：DTextText 2 2Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate defor

32、estationhas slowedin pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country s antipoverty program.In 2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorestresidentsunder certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or getregular medicalcare.Called conditiona

33、l cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programsare designed toreduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They are already used in dozensof countriesworldwide.In Indonesia,the programme has provided enough food and medicine tosubstantiallyreduce severe growth problems among children.B

34、ut the CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,povertyalleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,saysPaul Ferraro,an economist at Johnns Hopkins University.Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradati

35、on,whileprotecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,thosecorrelations don t prove cause and effect,The only previous study analyzingcausality,based onan area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people gotmore money,some of th

36、em may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferrarowanted tosee if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has thethird-largest area of tropical forest in the world

37、and one of the highestdeforestation rates.Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012-includingduring Indonesias phase in of the antipoverty program-in 7,468 forested villagesacross 15provinces.“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction indefo

38、restation,”Farrow says.Thats likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurancepoliciesagainst inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically.if rains are delayed,peoplemay clear land toplant more rice to supplement their harvest.With the CCTs,individuals instead canuse the moneyto s

39、upplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybodys guess.Farrow suggests theresultsmay transfer to other parts of Asia,due to commonalities such as the importanceof growing riceand market access.And regardless of transferability,the study shows that whatsgood for peoplem

40、ay also be good for the environment.Even if this program didnt reduce poverty.Ferraro says,“the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions aloneis more than theprogram costs”26.According to the first paragraph,CCT programmes aim to _.A Facilitate health-care reformB help po

41、or families get better offC Improve local education systemsD lower deforestation rates答案：B27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that _.A cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poorB CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestylesC antipoverty efforts require th

42、e participation of local farmersD economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation答案：D28.In his study about Indonesia,Farrow intends to find out _.A its acceptance level of CCTsB its annual rate of poverty alleviationC the relation of CCTs to its forest lossD the role of its forests in clima

43、te change答案：C29.According to Ferraro,the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that _.A it will benefit other Asian countriesB it will reduce regional inequalityC it can protect the environmentD it can benefit grain production答案：A30.What is the text centred on?A The effects of a program.B The deba

44、tes over a program.C The process of a study.DThe transfer ability of a study.答案：ATextText 3 3As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes usre-evaluate thepast,Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorianancestorssmiling(what better way to

45、shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?).Ive foundquite a few,and-since I started posting them on Twitter 一 they have been causing quite a stir.People havebeen surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could,and did,laugh.They are notingthat the Victorians suddenly seem to become more

46、 human as the hundred-or-So yearsthatseparate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course,I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes uponly a tinypercentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840and 1900,themajority of which

47、show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of paintedbackdrops,orstaring absently into the middle distance.How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s,in the early days of photography,exposure times werenotoriously long:the daguerreotype photographic method(producing an image on

48、asilveredcopper plate)could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred imagesas sitters shiftedposition or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the cameraperformed itsmagical duties was too much to contemplate,and so a non-committal blank stare becamethenorm.But exp

49、osure times were much quicker by the 1 880s,and the introduction of the BoxBrownie and other portable cameras meant that,though slow by todays digitalstandards,theexposure was almost instantaneous.Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy tocapture by the1890s,so we must look elsewhere for an explanat

50、ion of why Victorians still hesitatedto smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin.“Naturegaveus lips to conceal our teeth.”ran one popular Victorian maxim,alluding to thefact that before thebirth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hy