2021北京考研英语一真题及答案.doc

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1、2021北京考研英语一真题及答案Section Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, lo

2、gically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It l in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be. One study found that muscle 1oss a

3、nd the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline. The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-old

4、er-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that r

5、esulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men and women.16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in

6、order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods. 1. A pauses B return C peaks D fades2. A alt

7、ernatively B formally C accidentally D generally 3. A while B since C once D until 4. A detection B accumulation C consumption D separation 5. A possibility B decision C goal D requirement 6. A delay B ensure C seek D utilize 7. A modified B supported C included D predicted 8. A devoted B compared C

8、 converted D applied 9. A with B above C by D against 10. A lived B managed C scored D played 11. A ran out B set off C drew in D went by 12. A superior B attributable C parallel D resistant 13. A restored B isolated C involved D controlled 14. A alter B spread C remove D explain 15. A compensations

9、 B symptoms C demands D treatments 16. A Likewise B Meanwhile C Therefore D Instead 17. A change B watch C count D take 18. A well-being B process C formation D coordination 19. A level B love C knowledge D space 20. A design B routine C diet D prescription1. 【答案】C peaks 【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。文章首段首句为主

10、题句，谈到一个概念：流体 智力（fluid intelligence），是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解 决新问题的能力有关。想要解决空格处需要分析整句话的逻辑关系。前文提到青年人，后文 提到这种流体智力智力随着年龄增长会慢慢下降，所以根据时间发展的关系，前面提到这种 智力在青年时达到峰值（peaks），并且会停留一段时间，随后随着年龄的增长会逐渐下降。 正确答案为 peaks。pauses 暂停；return 恢复，返回；fades 逐渐消退。 2. 【答案】D generally 【解析】此处考察词汇辨析。根据上一道题目的具体分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普 遍现

11、象得修饰，we age 体现我们大所数人，所以应该选择 D generally。alternatively 要不然， 或者（二者择其一）； formally 正式地，正规地；accidentally 偶然地。 3. 【答案】A while 【解析】此处考察句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词 But 开始，但考察句内之间的意思转折：但是， 3 年纪增长不可避免，科学家发现某些大脑功能不会发生变化。年纪 增长和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以应该选择 while，尽管。since 因为；当.时；once 一旦；until 直到。 4. 【答案】C consumption 【解析】 此处考察词义辨

12、析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词 and 将空格处与前文 muscle loss 并 列，行车前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。所给选 项中只有 C 选项 consumption 意思是消耗的意思，带入原文符合句意。detection 侦查，勘察； accumulation 积累，积攒，增加；separation 分开，分离。 5. 【答案】A possibility 【解析】此处考察词义辨析。suggest 一词是解题的关键，这个单词用在北京考研英语的文章中 大部分都是暗示的意思，that 引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词 may 表推 测，这都是在说

13、明一种不太确定的可能性，所以选择 possibility。decision 决定；goal 目标； requirement 要求。 6. 【答案】A delay 【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词 or 将空格处和前文 prevent 构成近义 词的关系，delay 延迟和 prevent 阻止是相近句意表达。ensure 确保；seek 寻求，请求；utilize 利用，使用； 7. 【答案】C included 【解析】此处考察词义辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中 that 引导的是一个定语从句， 从句列举了 data 的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明 da

14、ta 的内容，要选择 included 包含，包括。modified 改变；supported 支持；predicted 预测。 8. 【答案】B compared 【解析】此处考察动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。空格处表 devote to 把.专用于， 完全用于；compare A to B 将 A 和 B 进行比较；convert A to B 将 A 转变成 B；apply A to B 将 A 应用于 B。空格处所在句意为将那些数据和已知报道进行.。后文和下文都是在进行 不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以应该选择 compare。 9. 【答案】A with 【解析】此处考察介词的用

15、法。这个介词里只有 with 能体现的是某种状态：有着较高腹部 脂肪检测结果的中年人. 10. 【答案】C scored 【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子表达：有着较高腹部脂肪单位的 中年人在流体智力检测时得分不高，测量智力是会得出具体分数的，就像我们平时说的智力 测试。lived 生存，活着；managed 完成；scored 得分；played 表现。 11. 【答案】D went by 【解析】此处考察动词短语辨析。.as the years went by. 随着时间的流逝，也算是固定的搭 配。ran out 耗尽，放弃；set off 出发，动身，启程；drew

16、in 吸引，拉入。 12. 【答案】B attributable 【解析】此处考察形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前 后两句话讨论得是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的 作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观 点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。attributable to 归因于.; superior to 优于，胜于；parallel to 平行于，与.平等；resistance to 抵抗。 13. 【答案】C involved【解析】此处考察非谓语动词词义辨析。分析了上一题，这一道题也

17、迎刃而解，空格处所在 句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，did not appear to be involved，似 乎不涉及在内。 14. 【答案】D explain 【解析】此处考察动词辨析+句意理解。It is hoped that .体现出是寄希望于以后的实验研究 来得出结论。alter 改变，变更，更改；spread 开展，传播；remove 移除，清除。 15. 【答案】D treatment 【解析】此处考察词义辨析。空格处所在句子表明：希望今后的研究能够解释这些差异，并 可能导致对男人和女人的不同待遇。因为有差别才应该采取不同的对待方式。compensati

18、ons 补偿；symptoms 症状；demands 要求，需求；treatments 处理，对待。 16. 【答案】B Meanwhile 【解析】此处考察段落之间的逻辑关系。there are steps 体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空 格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进的关系。meanwhile 同时；Likewise 同样地，也； Therefore 因此；Instead 代替，而不是。 17. 【答案】D take 【解析】此处考察定语从句+短语搭配。 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat. you ca

19、n 的前面省略了定语从句关系词 that，从句修饰 steps，take steps to do 短语表示采取措施做某事。Change 改变；watch 注意，观察；count 数数。 18. 【答案】A well-being 【解析】此处考察固定短语搭配。physical and mental well-being 身心健康。 19. 【答案】A level 【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，一是 保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。Love 喜爱；knowledge 知识；space 空间。 20. 【答案】C diet 【解析】此处考察单词辨析+定语从句

20、。空格处后面 that 引导的从句是这道题的解题关键： that 引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么从句的内容就是先行词得以选出得重要线 索。从句中主要讨论事物的问题，那么空格处应该填入 diet 饮食符合语法结构和句意表达。 Design 设计；routine 行程，流程；prescription 处方。 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or

21、 D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points) Text 1 How can Britains train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on thos

22、e who have no option but to use the rail network to getto work or otherwise. This year s rise an average of 2.7 percent, maybe a faction lower than last years, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI) measure of inflation. Successive governments have permitted such increas

23、es on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network. Should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire have to subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey? Equally, th

24、ere is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructure of the Mid lands and the North. However, over the past 12 months, those commuters hav

25、e also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for

26、the test wave of strikes rests on the wines. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered. The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement, so tha

27、t even when strikes occur services can continue to operate. This should from part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britains railways. Yes, more investment is needed ,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, un

28、reliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. They threat of nationalization may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order. 21. T

29、he author holds that this years increase in rail passenger fares A has kept pace with inflation. B is a big surprise to commuters. C remains an unreasonable measure. D will ease train operators burden. 答案：C 22. The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for A rail travelers. B car drivers. C lo

30、cal investors. Dordinary taxpayers. 答案：A 23. It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators A have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes. B have failed to provide an adequate service. C are offering compensation to commuters. D are trying to repair relations with the unions 答案：B 24. If unab

31、le to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face A the loss of investment. B the collapse of operations. C a reduction of revenue. D a change of ownership. 答案：D 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A Who Are to Blame for the Strikes? B Constant Complaining Doesnt

32、 Work C Can Nationalization Bring Hope? D Ever-rising Fares Arent Sustainable 答案：D Text 2 Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesias bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing i

33、n a program that gives money to its poorest residentsunder certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. Th

34、ey are already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the programme has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children. But the CCT programs dont generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environment

35、al protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johnns Hopkins University. Thats because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlation

36、s don t prove cause and effect, The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says. Such programs do not

37、have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesias poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing ann

38、ual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 - including during Indonesias phase in of the antipoverty program - in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Farrow says. Thats likely because the rural poor are using the m

39、oney as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically. if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests. Whether this research translates els

40、ewhere is anybodys guess. Farrow suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that whats good for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this p

41、rogram didnt reduce poverty. Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than theprogram costs” 26. According to the first paragraph, CCT programmes aim to _. A Facilitate health-care reform B help poor families get better off C Improve local

42、 education systems D lower deforestation rates 答案：B 27. The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that _. A cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor B CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles C antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers D

43、 economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation 答案：D 28. In his study about Indonesia, Farrow intends to find out _. A its acceptance level of CCTs B its annual rate of poverty alleviation C the relation of CCTs to its forest loss D the role of its forests in climate change 答案：C 29. Accord

44、ing to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that _. A it will benefit other Asian countries B it will reduce regional inequality C it can protect the environment D it can benefit grain production 答案：A 30. What is the text centred on? A The effects of a program. B The debates over a p

45、rogram. C The process of a study. DThe transfer ability of a study. 答案：A Text 3 As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter

46、 the image of 19th- century prudery?). Ive found quite a few, and - since I started posting them on Twitter 一 they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or -So years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. Of course, I need to concede that my collection of Smiling Victorians makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast cat