2022-2023学年上海市八年级英语上学期期末考点复习精讲精练专题08 重点语法知识梳理二：代词、介词及专练100题（含答案）.pdf

《2022-2023学年上海市八年级英语上学期期末考点复习精讲精练专题08 重点语法知识梳理二：代词、介词及专练100题（含答案）.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022-2023学年上海市八年级英语上学期期末考点复习精讲精练专题08 重点语法知识梳理二：代词、介词及专练100题（含答案）.pdf（50页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、专题0 8重点语法知识梳理二：代词、介词及专练100题Grammarl：代词代词分类人称代词/物主代词，指示代词代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词不定代词用法各类代词的用法易错点辨析I.人称、物主、反身代词英语的数词可分为基数词和序数词两大类。基数词表示的是人或事物的个数，而序数词表示的是这些数目的顺序。一、人称代词表示我、你、他/她/它、我们、你们、他们/她们/它们的词叫人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。格、人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称ImeweU S第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称he/she/ithim/her/ittheythemImportant Usage人称代词主

2、格在句中作主语，宾格作动词或介词的宾语He sits in front of me.I often help him.他坐在我前面。我经常帮助她。在英语中出现多个人称代词时，单数按照你、他、我的顺序排列，即 you,he/she(him/her)and I/me;复数按照 我们 你们 他们 的顺序排列，即 we/us,you and they/them.You,he and I will work together.你、我和他将在一起工作。二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词，物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,物主代词有人称和数的变化。Important Usage类别单数复数

3、我的你的他/她/它的我们的你们的他们的/她们的/它们的形容词性物主代词myyourhis,her,itsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis,hers,itsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，只作定语，其后必须跟名词。My son usually does his homework after dinner every day.我儿子通常每天晚饭后做作业。名词性物主代词相当于名词，可以作主语、宾语、表语等，其后不可跟名词。These are their new books.Ours are over there.这些是他们的新书。我们的(新书

4、)在那边。I left my dictionary at home.May I use yours?我的词典忘在家里了。我可以用一下你的吗？名词前有了形容词性物主代词时，不能再加冠词、指示代词等限定词。(4)my mobile phone(x)my a mobile phone(x)a my mobile phone(4)her book(x)this her book(x)her this book名词+of+名词性物主代词，表示双重所有关系。I met a friend of mine at the airport yesterday.昨天我在机场遇见了我的一个朋友。形容词性物主代词+ow

5、n或名词+of+one，s o w n,表示强调“属于自己的”。I wont believe it until I see it with my own eyes.直到我自己亲眼看到我才会相信它。We have a car of our own.我们有自己的小汽车。三、反身代词表 示“我（们）自己”“你（们）自己”“他、她、它（们）自己:反身代词由人称代词或物主代词+self或+seh/es构成。其中单数+self,复数+selves。数人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself,itselfthemse

6、lvesImnortant Usaqe反身代词与它指代的名词或代词是互指关系，在人称、数、性别上保持一致。YoiTd better take good care of yourself.你最好照顾好你自己。反身代词常跟在for、of、by等介词后，构成固定短语。I worked out the problem by myself.我独自解出 了 这道题。The wolf decided to see what happened for himself.狼决定亲自去看看发生 了什么事。The computer can shut off of itself.这台计算机会自动关机。含反身代词的常用短

7、语say to oneself 心里想 help oneself to 随便吃 teach oneself 自学enjoy oneself玩得高兴 dress oneself自己穿衣服 by oneself独自地Help yourselves to some cakes,b o y s.孩子们，随便吃些蛋糕。n.不定代词一、other、the other another、others、the others the rest 的用法及区别概念用法搭配another泛指三者以上的“另一个”，the other表示“两者当中的另一个,，others指“别的一些人或物”other表示“其他的”the

8、others表示“其余所有的人或物”指代单数时，若是泛指，用 another；若是特指，则用the other。指代复数时，若是泛指，用。ther饰名词的复数形式；若是特指，用 theOne.the other.14 一个 另一个”范围是只有两个。other修饰名词的复数形式others不能作定语，表示复数意义，相当于“other+复数名词”；the others 相当于“the other+复数名词some.（the）othe0”一 些.另一些”，加 the表示特指,不加the表示泛指。another 一般表示单数，其后接可数名词的单数形式。the rest表示“剩余部分；其余“，指代可数名

9、词或不可数名词。二、either-both-neither;any-all-none 比较两者三者及以上肯 定（修饰单数）eitherany肯 定（修饰复数）bothall否 定（修饰复数）neithernone做题技巧1.找范围（两 者 o r 三者）；2.找所修饰名词的单复数；3.找谓语动词的单复数；4.注意隐藏的范围信息；5.句意理解也重要；6.either/neither做连词时，就近原则。三、little 和 a little；few 和 a few可数不可数肯定a fewa little月定fewlittle说明：在与only,still,just,quite连用时用肯定形式,例：

10、-How much time do we have?-Only _A.a few B.little选 C。EP a few,a little.C.a littleD.a lot四、some&any 肯定句XI）用 于 希望得到对方肯定回答的疑问句C l.adj.（2）可数名词（复数）&不可数名词some 13）可数名词（单数）表“未确指的人、事物或地点”、2.pron.Some.others;Some.the others;C否定句 over 的用法区别：through指 穿过.（门洞/人群/树林广；across指“从表面穿过”across和 over可以指“跨越.（街道/河流厂可互换，但是表

11、示“翻过.”时只能用over.Just then a rat ran across the road.There is a bridge ac】oss/over the river.They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.The visitors went through a big gate into another park.among在中 间（三者以上之间）between在 之 间（两者之间，两两相互之间）、in front o f在 前（外部）in the front of 在.前（内部）A car

12、was parking in front of the hallIn the front of the hall stood a big desk.close to 靠近三、表方位的介词across 横越.，against 对抗along 沿着.，around 绕着at 朝着，behind 向.后面，between.and 从.至by路过/通过.down向下，for向from从 席 ,in 进入,into进入,inside到 里面,near接近,off脱离/除，on在上，out o f向外，outside向.外，over跨过，past经过/超过，through穿过，to向/朝，towards朝

13、着.,on to到.上面，onto到上面，away from 远离【重点】be against反对 be in favor o f支持四、表方式、手段的介词as作为/当作by用/由/乘坐/被in用（语言），like与一样,on骑（车）/徒（步），通过（收音机/电视机），through 通过，with用（材料/工具）、用（手/脚/耳/眼）；without没有I I.常用介词用法归纳一、介词：except、besides except forexcept除掉，不包括.，表示排除掉某人物，即 不 包 含（同类排除）besides除了还 有，表示包含，即“不仅又.”（相加）except fo r美 中

14、 不 足（异类排除）Everyone passed the exam except Tom.（Tom 没有通过考试）Besides Tom we also passed the exam.（Tom 也通过了 考试）The article is good except for some spelling mistakes,（mistakes 和 article 不是同一类）谐音记忆法：“包含”和“besides”首字母都有b,有b的（besides）是包含，没b的（except,except for）是不包含。二、介词for1.为了 I do it for you.2.一段时间 I havent

15、 seen you for a long time.3.对于 It difficult for him to finish the task.4.因为 I am sorry for his misfortune.三、介词to1 ,给 I give the present to you.2.对.而言 The present is important to me四、介词with1.由于.with pleasure2.带有 the girl with long hair3.用 I can write with a pen4.和.一起 We will go with you5.without 无,没有

16、五、介词 in1.在（方面）do well in2.在.时候 in the evening3.在.地方in Beijing六、介词on1.关于/有关.a book on history2.在.时候on Friday3.在_ _t on the desk七、介词as1.与.一样 You have the same interest as me.2.as 作为/当作 He works as a writer.八、介词from1 .来自 come from2.从.至 Ij(to)tell/distinguish A from B from door to doorstop/prevent/prote

17、ct sb.from doing sth.九、介词有时会与它的宾语分离，而且宾语前置1.当宾语是疑问词时 o Who are you talking about?2.宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?3.动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair to sit on.十、记住一些固定词组：形容词+介词:be afraid o f 害怕

18、某事/做某事be famous for 因.而著名be next t o 紧挨着，接近be angry with s b.生某人的气be famous as 作为.而出名be poor a t 对 比较差be bad for对.有害be fond of 爱好be proud o f 为 感到自豪be busy with s t h.忙于做某事be full of 充满be ready fo r为 做好了准备be careful with 小心be good t o 对.友善be surprised at 对.感到惊奇be difficult from 与.不同be good at 擅长be t

19、hankful to sb.for sth.因 be familiar with 与.熟悉be late for 迟到感谢某人常用介词短语:at first起先，开始时by air mail寄航空信件in a hurry匆忙地at home 在家by and by不久以后in a minute 一会儿at last最后，终于by bus/air乘公共汽车/飞机in a word简言之at least 至少by day在日间in addition另外,还有at present 目前by night在晚间in charge o f主管,负责at once马上by oneself 亲自in comm

20、on共同，共有at school在学校by phone打电话in danger处于危险中at the moment此刻,目前by ship/train 乘船/火车in hospital 住院at the same time 同时by the way顺 便 说（问）一下in fact事实上on business因公出差for a while暂时，片刻in front of 在.的前面on board在船上for example 例如in no time立刻，马上on duty值班for good 永远in other words 换言之on foot步行for the first time 第一

21、次in public当众，公开on holiday在度假for the time being 暂时,眼下in return作为回报ones way(t o)在去 的路上from day to day 一天一天地in surprise 吃，凉on show 上演from door to door 挨家挨户in the end最后,终于on the air在播送from then on从那时起in this way用这种方法on time准时from time to time 不时地in trouble处于困境中动词词组:break into 闯入go over复习make up ones min

22、d 下决心care for 照看hold on不 挂 断（打电话用语）see sb.off为某人送行come across 遇 见，发现hurry off匆匆离开shake hands with 与.握手compare with 与.相比join in 参加show sb.around带领某人参观depend on 依靠keep in mind 牢记take part in 参加die of死于某种疾病laugh at 嘲笑take in 吸入，吸收dress up穿着盛装，化妆learn from 向.学习thank sb.for sth.因某事感谢某人get along with 与.相处

23、learn sth.by heart 用心记忆turn down关小，调低get rid of 摆脱look after照料，照看wake sb.up叫醒某人go on a picnic 去野餐look forward to 盼望worry about担心，担忧m.常用介词用法区别1、by、in 与 with表示方式的用法区别都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；in 表示“使用”某种语言/文字,w ilh表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our fe

24、et.Please write that article（文章）in English.Lets go to the zoo by taxi.It was written by Lao She.【注意】by之后不可有冠词，只能是名词的单数形式wash face by hand=wash face with my hands2、as与 like的区别两个词都表示“像”,但是as译为“作为”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实，而 like译为“像一样”，表示外表，不是事实。Let me speak to you as a father.（说话者是听者的父亲）Let me speak to you li

25、ke a father.（说话者不是听者的父亲）3、at the end of by the end of to the end in the end 的用法区另！J：at the end of.既可以表示时间也可以表示地点，译为“在末；在尽头”，常与过去时连用；by the end of只能表示时间，译为“在前；到.为止“，和 by the time一样，常用于过去完成时；in the end与 at last基本等义，表示“终于、最后”，通常用于过去时；to the end译为“到的终点为止”，前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。By the end of last term we had

26、learned 16 units of Book III.Al the end of Ihe road you can find a big white house with brown windows.They left for Beijing at the end of last week.In the end he succeeded in the final exams.We should go on with the work to the end.Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.4、but的问题：

27、用介词b u t引出另一个动词时，要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词，前面没有do时，后面的动词要加tOoI could do nothing but wait.They had no choice（选择）but to fight.【拓展】have nothing to do but do s th.无事可做只能.have nothing to do with sth.和 没关系cant wait to do s th.迫不及待做某事cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事cant stop doing sth.做某事停不下来She couldnt help singing

28、 when she was doing housework.IV.介词短语的句法作用一、介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词，可用作状语、定语和表语。The man came down the stairs.（状）The woman with a flower on her head is from the countryside.（定）The teacher is now with the pupils.（表）（老师现在和学生在一起）二、介词短语在句子中的位置。介词短语做状语时，如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾，如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较，一般放在句尾；介词短语作表语时

29、放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时，只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai ihe next year.（状语）They searched the room for the thief.The letters are for you.（表语）Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?（定语）【活学活用2】一、单项选择1.They arrived there cold Sunday afternoon.A.in the B.on the C.in a

30、D.on a2.We have two math classes Tuesday morning.A.in B.on C.of D.at3.My family always celebrate my birthday having a big dinner in the restaurant.A.in B.on C.for D.by4.He lost his handbag the afternoon of last Wednesday.A.atB.onC.fromD.of5.We arrived Shanghai a cold morning.A.in;at B.in;on C.at;on

31、D.at;in6.一 What time do you want me to come back?40 minutes.A.In B.ForC.AtD.On7.When will they get to the USA?-They will arrive Washington Tuesday morning.A.at;inB.to;onC.on;inD.in;on8.My father will come back_ _ about three days.A.for B.after C.in9.Mum,Im sorry 1 failed in the English test again.D.

32、duringNever mind.Keep on hard at it and you will be good at it one day.A.work B.workedC.to workD.working10.What can 1 do for you?1 hope 1 can have a nice house_a big garden.A.has B.withC.ofD.about11.The group of doctors arrived_ the closed hospital_ _ a rainy night.A.at;on B.at;inC.in;onD.in;in12.My

33、 fathers hometown is Jilin.It is _the northeast of China.A.in B.onC.toD.at13.Wendy Wang went to Croatia_ late August,2020.A.inB.atC.onD.to14.Its raining hard but I dont have an umbrella me.Dont worry!I have got one.You can share mine.A.for B.to C.with D.in15.Thanksgiving is always the fourth T h u r

34、 s d a y November.A.on；on B.in；in C.on；in D.in；on16.What are you doing,Li Ming?Im reading The Old Man and the Sea Hemingway.A.by B.over C.for D.at17.Change 5 returned to the earth successfully the early morning ofDecember”，2020.A.inB.atC.onD.for18.People usually eat special food_ _ special holidays.

35、A.jnB.onC.duringD.of19.We are glad to hear that the Greens_ _ to a new flat（公寓）_ _ two weeks.A.move;inB.moved;afterC.will move;inD.move;after20.The answers _ _our questions about_TV were also interesting.A.to;watchingB.of;watchingC.to;watchedD.of;watched21.Do you like lettuce a hamburger?Yes,I do.A.

36、off B.in C.to D.at22.Mum,its so hot today.I want to eat some ice creams.-Sorry,Sherry!There is juice,cola and milk in the fridge ice creams.A.exceptB.withC.forD.past23.The students in Class Two are all in the playground Cindy.She is asking Mr.White a question in the office now.A.except B.against C.a

37、round D.for24.Everyone learned about the first aid in this mornings class Tom.What a pity!He missed the class.A.except B.with C.for D.from25.Tom,what were you doing at five yesterday afternoon?I my cousin with his homework.A.helped B.am helping C.was helping D.help26.I listened carefully.The next qu

38、estion had to do the way to learn math well.A.by B.in C.with D.of27.There will be a new years party the evening of December 31st in our school.A.in B.on C.after D.at28.Whats the weather like in Kunming in winter?The temperature is always zero and it is warm all year round.A.above B.belowC.amongD.bet

39、ween29.The accident happened_ _ a rainy night last June.A.on B.toC.inD.for30.It was no use talking without _ _any action.A.to take B.takesC.takeD.taking31.Li Hui,please dont write this line.OK.Thank you,Miss Wang.A.inB.underC.aboutD.below32.Wow!Ten students in our class will celebrate their fourteen

40、th birthdaysNovember.A.in B.on C.at D.to33.The old man is an old writer,and he wrote some famous stories eightlanguages.A.with B.in C.to D.at34.The teacher came into the classroom a big smile his face.A.wear,on B.with,on C.with,to D.have,on35.Wu Fei from Class 18 is very interesting,he is tall and s

41、trong.When he walksthe desk,he always knocks the books and pens the floor.A.past;onto B.pass;onto C.past;off D.pass;onto36.Some people think everything will be free 100 years and people wont usemoney.A.in B.after C.on D.at37.Jim,you should spend more time your homework and do better in yourcoming ex

42、ams.A.do B.doing C.to do D.on doing38.The world was us.A.whole;in the front of B.all;in front of C.whole;in frontofD.all;in the front of39.Lucy is a kind girl.She always talks to people a smile on her face and neversays a bad word anyone.A.has;for B.has;about C.with;for D.with;about40.Simon is a goo

43、d boy his bad temper.A.exceptB.besidesC.butD.except for41.How do wild animals live during the winter?I know some animals sleep the winter,such as bears and snakes.A.through B.before C.after D.at42.The police ran quickly the crowd to see what was happening.A.through B.across C.by D.away43.There are l

44、ots of old buildings and c h u r c h e s.Students and tourists enjoy tripsthe river boat.A.visiting;on;by B.to visit;along;by C.to visit;on;in D.visiting;along;in44.Children couldn/t wait the gift box the morning of Christmas Day.A.open;in B.to open;on C.open;on D.to open;in45.My house is a beautifu

45、l building a big garden.A.has B.have C.with D.having46.There the answers your questions in the newspaper.A.have,of B.are,of C.is,to D.are,to47.Jessie,I heard that in your country people put a candy in a birthday cake.yes.And I was the lucky child the candy at my last birthday party.A.had B.has C.wit

46、h D.in48.Taiwan is the south of China,and Japan is the northeast of China.A.in;in B.in;to C.to;in D.to;to49.Everyone went to the party last night Tom.Do you know why?Yes.He was ill.A.withB.forC.exceptD.but50.Dont go to school breakfast.Its a bad habit.A.after B.with C.withoutD.before参考答案1.D句意：他们在一个寒

47、冷的星期天下午到达那里。考查冠词和介词。根据cold Sunday afternoon”可知，是一个单数，需要冠词a”修饰,表示泛 指;而“a cold Sunday afternoon”是具体的一天的下午，因此用时间介词on。故选D。2.B句意：星期二上午我们有两节数学课。考查时间介词。in 后接某年某月某季节；on后接具体某一天；of.的；at后接具体时刻。“Tuesday morning”是具体的时间,前用时间介词o n,故选B。3.D句意：我的家人总是通过在餐厅吃一顿大餐来庆祝我的生日。考查介词辨析。in 在 里面;on在 上面；for为了；by通过。根据.having a big d

48、inner inthe restaurant”可知，通过吃大餐来庆祝生日；by doing sth.通过做某事”。故选D。4.B句意：他在上周三下午丢了手提包。考查介词辨析。at在.点时；on用于具体的某一天或具体某一天的上/下午/晚上前；from从 ；of的；句中的时间是the afternoon of last Wednesday,是具体的一天的下午,应用介词o n,故选B05.B句意：我们在一个寒冷的清晨抵达上海。考查介词辨析。arrive at后面接小地点，arrive in后面接大地点；上海是一个大城市，故用介词in,排除C、D 项。由a cold morning 可 知，在具体某一

49、天的早晨要用时间介词on。故选 Bo6.A句意：你想我什么时候回来？40分钟后。考查介词辨析。in+一段时间，表示在一段时间之后或一段时间之内；for+一段时间，表示“长达 ”；at后面接具体的某一时刻，表示 几点钟；on后面接具体的某一天，根据问句What time do you want me to come back?和后面的40 minutes可知,应该是 40 分钟之内，故选Ao7.D句意：一一他们什么时候将到达美国？一一他们将下周二早上到达华盛顿。考查介词辨析。at在 某 地（小地点）；in在 某 地（大地点）；on在具体某一天上午、下午或晚上；to 朝，位于 o 根据Washin

50、gton 是 一个大地方可知，第一空要用地点介词in；再根据Tuesday morning可知，第二空要用时间介词on。故选D。8.C句意：我父亲大约三天以后回来。考查介词辨析。for持续一段时间；after在.之后；in加一段时间，表示将来时；during在 期间。根据will come back 可 知，时态是一般将来时，符合in 加一段时间，表示将来时的用法，故选C。9.D句意：一一妈妈，很抱歉我英语考试又没及格。一一没关系。继续努力学习，总有一天你会做得很好。考查非谓语动词。keep on doing sth.继续做某事，是固定结构，故选D。10.B句意：一一我能为你做些什么？一一希望