英语国家概况重难点.pdf

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1、英语国家概况重难点笔记英语国家概况名词解释（1）Amerigo Vespucci Amerigo Vespucci,a navigator,provedthat the land was not India,but a new continent.Therefore,the landwas named America after.The Puritans The Puritans were wealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.They wanted to purify the Church of England andthreatened with religious

2、 persecution,the Puritans leaders saw theNew world as the a refuge provided by God for those He meant tosave.英语国家概况名词解释（2）The Bill of Rights In 1789,James Madison introduced inthe House of Representatives a series of amendments which laterwere drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to thes

3、tates for ratification.Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and thefirst ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills ofRights because they were to insure individual liberties.The Emancipation Proclamation After the Civil war began,Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to win moresup

4、port at home and abroad.It granted freedom to all slaves inareas still controlled by the Confederacy.英语国家概况名词解释（3）Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day The Pilgrims in 1620,201 ofthem sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.The firstwinter after their arrival was very cold and when spring came,halfof

5、 them were dead.Then the Indians came to their help and taughtthem how to grow corn.They had a good harvest that year.So theyinvited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving celebration inAmerica to give thanks to God.The Channel In 1985 the British government and Frenchgovernment decided to buil

6、d a channel tunnel,which is called“Chunnel，under the Straits of Dover so that England and Francecould be joined together by road.The Chunnel was open to trafficin May 1994.英语国家概况名词解释（4）Eisteddfod Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for“sitting”National Eidteddfod is the most famous festival of music and ve

7、rsein Wales.It takes place each August and lasts for about a week.The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poemabout Wales written and read in Welsh.The winner is crownedBoard,considered the supreme honour in Wales.In this way theWelsh people keep the Welsh language and culture

8、 alive.Cockney（伦敦老）A cockney is a Londoner who is bornwithin the sound of Bow Bells-the Bells of the church of St.Mary-LeBow in east London.英语国家概况名词解释（5）Stonehenge It is a group of huge monuments of grant rockSlabs on Salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago asthe New Stone Age.It is g

9、enerally believed that stonehenge servedsome sort of religious purposes.The Celts The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.The first wave were the Gales,the second wave were the Brythonsand the Belgae came about 150BC.The Celts were practisedfarmers.The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highla

10、nd Scots,theIrish and the Welsh,And their languages are the basis of bothWelsh and Gaelic.They religion was Druidism.英语国家概况名词解释（6）Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest of 1066 isperhaps the best-known event in English history.William theconqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to hisNorma

11、n followers.He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strongNorman government.So the feudal system was completelyestablished in England.Alfred the Great-He was king of Wessex,one of the sevenAnglo-Saxon Kingdoms.It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon toflight against the invading Danes and maintained peace

12、for a longtime.Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime,but also a wiseking at peacetime.He encouraged education and introduced a legalsystem.He is known as“the father of the British navy”.英语国家概况名词解释（7）St.Augustine In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine,the Prior of St.Andrews Monastery in Rome,

13、to England toconvert the heathen English to Christianity.That year,St.Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.Augustinewas remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility,but the conversion of the common people was largely due to themissionary activities of the monks in the

14、 north.Domesday Book It is a book compiled by a group of clerksunder the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086.The bookwas in fact a property record.It was the result of a general surveyof England.It recorded the extent,value,state of cultivation,andownership of the land.It was one of the im

15、portant measuresadopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England.Today,it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.英语国家概况名词解释（8）Geoffrey Chaucer He was an important English poet in thefourteenth century.His best known is The Canterbury Tales,whichdescribes a group of pilgrim

16、s travelling to Canterbury to visitThomas Beckets tomb.Because he was the first important Englishpoet to write in English.He has been known as the“Father ofEnglish Poetry”.The Black Death It is a modern name given to the dearlybubonic plague,an epidemic disease spread through Europe in thefourteenth

17、 century particularly in 1348-1349.It came withoutwarning,and without any cue.In England,it killed almost half ofthe total population,causing far-reaching economic consequences.英语国家概况名词解释（9）The Wars of Roses 玫瑰战争 the name Wars of the Roseswas refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster,symbo

18、lized by the read rose,and that of York,symbolized by thewhite,from 1455 to 1485.Henry Tudor,descendant of Duke ofLancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put htcountry under the rule of the Tudors.From these Wars,Englishfeudalism received its death blow.The great medieval nobility wasmu

19、ch weakened.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命In 1685Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II.Jameswas brought up in exile in Europe,was a Catholic.He hoped torule without giving up his personal religious vies.But England wasno more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 year

20、s ago.Sothe English politicians rejected James II,and appealed to aProtestant king,William of Orange,to invade and take the Englishthrone.William landed in England in 1688.The takeover wasrelatively smooth,with no bloodshed,nor any execution of theking.This was known as the Glorious Revolution.英语国家概

21、况名词解释(10)The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 火药阴谋案 The GunpowderPlot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow KingJames and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where GuyFawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars.The

22、immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellowconspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.The longterm result has been an annual celebration on Nov.5,when abonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.Blood Mary 血腥玛丽 It is the nickname given to Mary I,the

23、 English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII.She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt todeath that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by hernickname Blood Mary.英语国家概况名词解释(11)Thatcherism 撒切尔主义 The election of 1979 returned theConservative Party to po

24、wer and Margaret Thatcher became thefirst woman prime minister in Britain.Her policies are popularlyreferred to as state-owned industries,the use of monetarist policiesto control inflation,the weaking of trade forces unions,thestrengthening of the role of market forces in the economy,and anemphasis

25、on law and order.The Trade Union Act of 1871 工会法 It legalized the tradeunions and give financial security.It meant that in law there wasno difference between money for benefic purposes and collecting itto support strike action.英语国家概况名词解释(12)Agribusiness 农业产业 The new farming has been called“agribusin

26、ess，because it is equipped and managed like anindustrial business with a set of inputs into the processes whichoccur on the farm and outputs or products which leave the farm.British disease 英国病 The term“British disease is nowoften used to characterize Britains economic decline.英语国家概况名词解释(13)Constitu

27、tional monarchy 君主 立宪缶U It is a politicalsystem that has been practised in Britain since the Gloriousrevolution of 1688.According to this system,the Constitution issuperior to the Monarch.In law,the Monarch has many supremepowers,but in practice,the real power of monarchy has beengreatly reduced and

28、 today the Queen acts solely on the advice ofher ministers.She reigns but does not rule.The real power lies inthe Parliament,or to be exact,in the House of Commons.Privy Council 枢密院 A consultative body of the Britishmonarch.Its origin can be traced back to the times of the NormanKings.After the Glor

29、ious Revolution of 1688,its importance wasgradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet.Today,it is stilla consultation body of the British monarch,Its membership isabout 400,and includes al Cabinet ministers,the speaker of theHouse of Commons,the Archbishops of Canterbury and York,andsenior Brit

30、ish and Commonwealth statesmen.英语国家概况名词解释(14)The National Health Service It is a very important part ofthe welfare system in Britain.It is a nationwide organization basedon Acts of Parliament.It provides all kinds of free or nearly freemedical treatment both in hospital and outside.It is financedmai

31、nly by payments by the state out of general taxation.People arenot obliged to use this service.The service is achieving its mainobjectives with outstanding success.Comprehensive schools Comprehensives schools takepupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary ed

32、ucation for all or most of the children in adistrict.英语国家概况名词解释(15)Reuters It was founded in 1851 by the German,JuliusReuter.It is now a publicly owned company,employing over11000 staff in 80 countries.It has more than 1300 staff journalistsand photographers.The Crown Court A criminal court that dea

33、ls with the moreserious cases and holds sessions in towns throughout England andWales.It is presided over either by a judge from the High Court ofJustice or a local full-time judge.英语国家概况名词解释(16)The Great lakes The Great Lakes are the five lakes in thenortheast.They are Lake Superior which is the la

34、rgest fresh waterlake in the world,Lake Michigan(the only one entirely in theU.S.),Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are alllocated between Canada and the United States expect LakeMichigan.The Mississippi The Mississippi has been called“father ofwaters or old man river”.It and Its tributari

35、es drain one of therichest farm areas in the world.It is the fourth longest river in theworld and the most important river in the United States.英语国家概况名词解释(17)Uncle Toms Cabin It was a sentimental but powerfulantislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.It convertedmany readers to the abolition

36、ist cause.Gettysburg It refer to the short speech President Lincolnmade when he dedicated the national cemetery at Getty burg.Heended the speech with“the government of the people,by thepeople,for the people,shall not perish from the earth”.英语国家概况名词解释(18)The Red Scare When the WWI was over,there exis

37、ted ahighly aggressive and intolerant nationalism.Between 1919 and1920,the Red Scare happened.On Nov.7,1919 and Jan.2,1920,theJustice Department launched two waves of mass arrests.Over 4000suspected Communists and radical were arrested.The New Deal In order to deal with the Depression,President Fran

38、klin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program.It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient socialsecurity systems.The New Deal helped to save Americandemocracy and the development of American economy.英语国家概况名词解释(19)Truman Doctrine On Mar.12,1949,President Truman putforward the Truman

39、Doctrine in his speech to the joint session ofCongress.The Doctrine meant to support any country which said itwas fighting communism.Marshall Plan It was announced by George Marshall onJune.5,1947,and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe.It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe

40、 into theSoviet sphere.英语国家概况名词解释(20)London smog In 195,the sulphur dioxide in the four-dayLondon smog,an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smokeand dirt with fog.It left 4000 people dead or dying.Since thenmost cities in Britain have introduced“clean air zones“wherebyfactories and households ar

41、e only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Family Doctor In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS aperson must normally be registered on the list of a generalpractitioner,sometimes known as a“family doctor.The familydoctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine,or,if necessary,arranges for the patient

42、to go to hospital or to be seen at home by aspecialist.英语国家概况名词解释(21)Marvellous Melbourne After the gold rush in 1850s and1860s,there was an important revolution in transport,especiallywith the network of tram and railway systems.This changed thepace of urban life and the appearance of the city and

43、soon peoplewere calling the city“Marvellous Melbourne.But by the 1890soutsiders were calling the city“Marvellous Melbourne”because ofthe bad smell of the city.Waitangi Day In 1840 the first official governor,WilliamHobson,was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders.In 1840 Hobson,representing Queen Vic

44、toria,and some Maori chiefs,signed theTreaty of Waitangi.Modern New Zealand was founded.Theanniversary of the signing,February 6,is celebrated as NewZealand National Day,Waitangi Day,and is a national holiday.英语国家概况名词解释(22)Multiculturalism The term multiculturalism was coined inCanada in the late 19

45、60s.It was in official use in Australia by 1973.In other words,under multiculturalism migrant groups are able tospeak their own language and maintain their own customs.Multiculturalism as a policy recognizes that social cohesion isattained by tolerating differences within an agreed legal andconstitu

46、tional framework.Quiet Revolution Ever since 1763,when France lost itsempire in North America to England,French Canadians havestruggled to preserve their language and culture.In the early 1960sFrench Canadians became more vocal in their protests.Inparticular,they complained that were kept out of job

47、s ingovernment and in some large businesses because they spoke onlyFrench.They have been struggling more rights common which wascalled“Quiet revolution.英语国家概况精讲笔记（一）Chapter 1第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographic al names:the British Isles,Gre

48、at Britain andEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-GreatBritain(the larger one)and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛一大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。4.Thr

49、ee political divisions on the island of Great Britain:England,Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is thelargest,most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。(2)Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.It has threenatural zones(the Hi

50、ghlands in the north;the Central lowlands;thesouth Uplands)Capital:Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。(3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。5.The Commonwealt