初中英语语法大全1.docx

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1、初中英语语法大全1.名词名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些) 人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing, China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概 念的名词,如:book, sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1 )个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:guno 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体 组成的集合体,如:familyo3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:aifo 4)抽象名词(Abst

2、ract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名 词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下 图表不: | |专有名词 I|名|个体名词|IIIII可数名词II II集体名词II I |普通名词|II词I|物质名词IIIIII不可数名词IIII抽象名词I I情况 构成方法 读音 例词一般情况力口 -s1 .清辅音后读/s/;map-maps2 ,浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读 /z/;car-cars以 s

3、,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es 读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge 等结尾 的词加-s 读/iz/license-licenses 以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词 再加es 读/z/baby-babies 1)列表Iyouyoushe hemyself yourself yourselves herself himselfwetheyitoneourselves themselves itself oneself2)做宾语a.有些动词需有反身代词absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy,

4、hurt, introduce, behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词 take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。Please

5、sit down.请坐。3)作表语;同位语be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。4)在不强调的情况下,but, except, for等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself (me) is hurt.注意:a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错)Myselfdrove the car. (对)I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。b.但在 and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词

6、,特别是myself作主语。Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉 在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。2)相互代词的句法功能:a.作动词宾语;P

7、eople should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。 b.可作介词宾语;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿 对唱。 说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个 以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如: He put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。He put all the books beside oneanother.他把所有书并列摆放起来。U

8、sually these small groups were independent of eachother.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。c.相互代词可加-s构成所有格,例如I: The students borrowed each others notes,学生彳门互借笔 t己。1)指示代词分单数(this/that)和复数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代 词,例如:单数复数限定词: This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers.代词: This is Mary.Those are my teachers.2)指示代词的句

9、法功能;a.作主语This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。b.作宾语I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个。c.作主语补语My point is this.我的观点就是如此。d.作介词宾语I dont say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)(对)He is going to marry this

10、 girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)(错)He is going to marry this. (this 作宾语时不能指人)(对)1 bought this.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和these不能,同时,在作先行词时, 只有those可指人,试比较: (对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮 的东西。(对)He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人) (错)He admir

11、ed that who danced well. (that 作宾语时不能指人)(对)He admiredthose who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those 指人) (对)He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:指 人:who, whom, whose指 物:what既可指人又可指物:which 2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还

12、 可作限定词。试比较:疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?限定词: Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming partof the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?

13、说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which和what所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的, 而which则指在一定的范围内,例如: Which girls do you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘? 说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介 词后只能用whom,例如: Who(m) did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)Who(m) arc you taking the book to

14、?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。) 说明3:疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代 词在句首,介词在句未,例如: For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体) What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)说明4:疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:I canft make out what he

15、is drivingat.我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way withyou. 你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如: The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行 词the girl,又在从句

16、中作介词t。的宾语。)2)关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that可指人也可指物,见表:限定性 非限定性 限定性指人 指 物 指人或指物主格 who whichthat 宾格 whomthatthat属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose 例如: This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(

17、which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)3)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如: He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。 说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如: Pve forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘 了。Heschanged. Hes not the man he was.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。1) 不定代i司有all, both, every, each, either, neither,

18、more, little, few, much, many, another,other, some, any , one, no 以及 some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。 2) 不定代词的功能 与用法 a.除every和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句 中只能作定语。I have no idea about it. b. all者B,指三者

19、以上。all的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes well. 一切进展得很好。all通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说all the book,而说the wholebooko但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如all day, all night, all the year;但习惯上不说all hour, all centuryo all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如all China, all the city, all my life, all the way 3) both 者上 指两者。a. both 与复数动词连用,但both.an

20、d可与单数名词连用。b. both, all都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去,则位于助动词或情态动词 之前。Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can. 4) neither 两者都不 a.neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。b.作定语与单数名词连用,但neithernor用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c,可用于下列句型,避免重复。She cant sing, neither (can) he. neither与nor d. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不

21、用 nor。If you don*t do it, neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。e.如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。He cant sing, nor dance, nor skate.一、none无 l)none作主语,多与of构成短语none ofo在答语中,none可单独使用。Are there any pictures on the wall? None. 2) none 作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但 如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。It is none of your business.二、few 一些,少数few作主语时,谓语动

22、词用复数,多用于肯定句。三、some 一些 1)可与复数名 词及不可数名词连用。2)当做”某一“解时,也可与单数名词连用。(=a certain) Youwill be sorry for this some day.总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。A certain (some) person hasseen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意:在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的, 或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:Would you lik

23、esome coffee? b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:If you need some help, let me know. c.some 位于主语部分,Some students haven*t been there before.d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some 可用于否定句。如:I havent heard from some of my old friends theseyears.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些 1) any多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。Here are three novel

24、s. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。 五、one, ones 为复 数形式ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用 oneso Have you bought any rulers? Yes, I *ve bought some.one表示泛指,that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it与所指名词 为同一个。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我 该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is

25、bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个) 你买的那 顶帽子比我买的大。 I cant find my hat. I dont know where I put it.(同一物) 我找不到 我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。one. the other 只有两个some. the others 有三个以上 one. another,another.some. others, others. others = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部1)泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用on

26、e,另一个用the other。 3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another), 第三个可用the other, a thirdo 4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the otherso5)泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部 时,也用others。He is one of the students who help me. He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是帮我 的学生之一。 第一句定语从句与the students 一致。 第二句定语从句与the

27、one 一致。1. anyone和any one anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。2.no one和none a) none后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。 b) none作 主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of you couldlift it.你们中没有人可举起它。Did any one call me up just now?-刚才有人打电话给我吗? No one.-没有。3. every 和 each 1) every 强调全体的概念,each强调个体概念。Every student

28、 in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书。2) every指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。3) every只作形容词, 不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。Every student has to take one. Each boyhas to take one.Each of the boys has to take one. 4) every 不可以作状语,each 可作状语。5) every有反复重复的意思,如every two

29、weeks等;each没有。6) every与not连 用,表示部分否定;each和not连用表示全部否定。Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个 人或物。Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。 2) both, either both 与复 数连用,either与

30、单数连用。Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。There are flowers on both sides of the street.(两岸)There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的两边避边长满了 野花。3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个),none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。I dont like any of

31、the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。I likenone of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单 数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。 All of the students are there.所有的学生都在那。All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那。Many, much都意为“许多,many +可数名词,much +不可数名词。How many people are there at the meeting? How much time has we left? Many of the worke

32、rs were at the meeting. Much of the time was spent on learning(a) few +可数名词,(a) little +不可数名词 a few / a little为肯定含义,还有一点few /little为否定含义,没有多少了。 He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has fewfriends.他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little time.我们还有点时间。 There islittle time left.几乎没剩下什么时间 了。典型例题:Although he *s wealthy,

33、 he spends onclothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few 答案:A. spend 所指的是钱,不可数, 只能用little或a little.本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因 此应用 little 表示几乎不。固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 卖出了许 多书。4.形容词和副词形容词修饰名词,说

34、明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙 述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是 性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也 不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid害怕的。错) He is an ill man.(对) The man is ill. 错) She is an afraid girl.对) The girl is afraid, 这 类词还有: well, u

35、nwell, ill, faint, afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时, 要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容 词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形 容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,

36、也不可用 程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid害怕的。(错)He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这类词还有: well, unwell, ill, faint, afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰 以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如: something nice1)大部分形容词加-ly

37、可构成副词。但 friendly, deadly, lovely, lonely, likely, lively, ugly, brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)Her singing was lovely.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾 既为形容词,也为副词。daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early The Times is a daily paper. The Times

38、 is published daily.1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead, the living, the rich, the poor, the blind, the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2)有关国家和民族的 形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British, the English, the French, the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词-数词-描绘词

39、-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处一材料性质,类别一名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例 题:1) Tony is going camping with boys. A. little two other B. two little otherC. two other little D. little other two 答案:Co由限定词-数词-描绘词-(

40、大小,长短, 形状,新旧,颜色)-性质-名词”的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。2) One day they crossed the bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案 A.几个形容词修饰 一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3)- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? It was great. We

41、visited some friends, and spent the days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:Bo本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容 词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不 能确定时,可参照下表:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、 长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + squar

42、e新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)-出处-材料性质,类别-名词a small round table a tall gray building a dirty oldbrown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例 题:1) Tony is going camping with boys. A. little two other B. two littl

43、e otherC. two other little D. little other two 答案:Co由限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短, 形状,新旧,颜色)-性质-名词”的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。2) One day they crossed the bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案 A.几个形容词修饰一个 名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+

44、国家+名词。3)-How was your recent visit to Qingdao? It was great. We visited some friends, and spent thedays at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容 词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不 能确定时,可参照下表:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后

45、)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置:1)在动词之前。2)在be动词、助动词之后。3)多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意:a.大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。We couldsee very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b.方式副词 well, badly 糟、坏,hard 等只

46、放在 句尾。He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序:1)时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。2)方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully. 3)多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副 词。注意:副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在 名词前后者K可 oI dont know him well eno

47、ugh.There is enough food foreveryone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.1) close 与 closelyclose 意思是“近;closely 意思是仔细地He is sitting close tome. h him closely. 2) late 与 lately late 意思是晚;lately 意思是最近You have come too late. What have you been doing lately? 3) deep 与 deeply deep 意思是 ”深、表示空间深

48、度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,深深地He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4) high 与 highly high 表示空间高度; highly 表示程度, 相当于 much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide与widelywide表示空间宽度;widely意思是“广泛地“,”在许多地方6) free与freelyfree的意思是“免费;freely的意思是“无限制地You can e

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