英语学习英语专业词汇学.pptx

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1、会计学1英语学习英语专业词汇学英语学习英语专业词汇学Polysemyn nPolysemy is a common feature peculiar Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.This is to all natural languages.This is particularly true of highly developed particularly true of highly developed languages like English.In modern languages li

2、ke English.In modern English,an overwhelming majority of English,an overwhelming majority of words are polysemous.There are words words are polysemous.There are words that have two or three senses,and the that have two or three senses,and the most commonly used ones can have as most commonly used on

3、es can have as many as over a hundred.many as over a hundred.第1页/共42页Polysemy n nHowever,when a word is first coined,it However,when a word is first coined,it is always monosemic.But in the course is always monosemic.But in the course of development,the same symbol must of development,the same symbo

4、l must be used to express more meanings.The be used to express more meanings.The result is polysemy.But how does a word result is polysemy.But how does a word acquire new meanings?In what way are acquire new meanings?In what way are the meanings related to one another?the meanings related to one ano

5、ther?第2页/共42页Two Approaches to Polysemyn nThe problem of interrelation of the The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles:be dealt with from two different angles:diachronic approach and synchr

6、onic diachronic approach and synchronic approach.approach.第3页/共42页1.Two approaches to polysemyDiachronic approach历时研究方法 It is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word。The first meaning is the primary meaning.Later meanings are called derived m

7、eanings.第4页/共42页Synchronic approachSynchronic approach共时研究方法 Synchronically,Synchronically,polysemypolysemy is viewed as the is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time.same word in a historical period of tim

8、e.从共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，从共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义。The basic meaning of a word is called the The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning.The derived meanings central meaning.The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.are secondary in comparison.第5页/共42页2.Two proc

9、esses of development 1)Radiation1)Radiation辐射型辐射型 2)Concatenation2)Concatenation连锁型连锁型第6页/共42页1)Radiation1)Radiation辐射型辐射型辐射型辐射型Semantically,radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.All th

10、e meanings are independent of one another,but can all be traced back to the central meaning.第7页/共42页Take Take headhead for example:for example:the head of the school,six pence per head,the head of the school,six pence per head,the head of a page,to come to a head,to the head of a page,to come to a h

11、ead,to lose onelose one s head,six head of cattles head,six head of cattle Though these senses have little in Though these senses have little in common,they all derive from special common,they all derive from special application of the central idea of head as a application of the central idea of hea

12、d as a part of the body.part of the body.第8页/共42页2)Concatenation2)Concatenation连锁型连锁型连锁型连锁型n nConcatenation Concatenation is is a a semantic semantic process process in in which which the the meaning meaning of of a a word word moves moves gradually gradually away away from from its its first first

13、sense sense by by successive successive shifts shifts until until there there is is no no connection connection between between the the sense sense that that is is finally finally developed and the primary meaning.developed and the primary meaning.第9页/共42页Concatenationn nThe word treacle is an illus

14、trative example:(1)wild beast;n n(2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts;n n(3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison;n n(4)any effective remedy;n n(5)(BrE)molasses.第10页/共42页n n例1：board：木板餐桌会议桌董事会n n例2：candidate：穿白袍的人身着白袍申请职位的人候选人第11页/共42页5.2 Homonymyn nHomonyms are generally defined as words diffe

15、rent in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.第12页/共42页1)Types of homonymsPerfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音完全同形同音异义词异义词Homographs同形异义词Homophones同音异义词 Of the three types,homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.第13页/共42页 Perfe

16、ct homonyms n nPerfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning,e.g.n nbank n the edge of the river,lake,etc.n nbank n an establishment for money business n nbear n a large heavy animal n nbear v to put up with 第14页/共42页Homograph Identical only in spelling but

17、 different in Identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning,e.g.sound and meaning,e.g.n nbow/bau/n bending the head as a bow/bau/n bending the head as a greeting greeting n nbow/bcu/n the device used for shooting bow/bcu/n the device used for shooting arrows arrows n nsaw/scu/v to sc

18、atter seeds saw/scu/v to scatter seeds n nsow/sau/n female adult pig sow/sau/n female adult pig 第15页/共42页Homophone Identical only in sound but different in spelling and Identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning,e.g.meaning,e.g.n ndear/dic/n a loved person dear/dic/n a loved perso

19、n n ndeer/dic/n a kind of animal deer/dic/n a kind of animal n nson/s?n/n a male child of someone son/s?n/n a male child of someone n nsun/s?n/n the heavenly body from which the earth gets sun/s?n/n the heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and lightwarmth and light 第16页/共42页2)Origins of ho

20、monymsChange in sound and spelling 读音和拼写演变的结果读音和拼写演变的结果Borrowing 借入外来词的结果借入外来词的结果 Shortening 词语缩略的结果词语缩略的结果第17页/共42页homonyms and polysemants Perfect homonyms and polysemants are Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and fully identical with regard to spelling a

21、nd pronunciation.This creates the problem pronunciation.This creates the problem of differentiation.of differentiation.第18页/共42页Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants n n The fundamental difference between homonyms and The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fac

22、t that the former refers to polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has and the latter is the one and same word which has several disti

23、nguishable meanings.several distinguishable meanings.第19页/共42页important criterionn n One important criterion is to see their etymology,i.e.One important criterion is to see their etymology,i.e.homonyms are from different sources whereas a homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is f

24、rom the same source which has acquired polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.different meanings in the course of development.第20页/共42页 The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.The various meanings of a polysemant are c

25、orrelated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree,e.g.head(See 5.1 Polysemy).第21页/共42页n n On the other hand,meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.In dictionaries,a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are l

26、isted as separate entries.第22页/共42页3)Differentiation of homonyms from 3)Differentiation of homonyms from polysemantspolysemants 一般地说，多义词是一词多义，几个意义之间有历史的或现实的联系，它们都是从一个基本意义派生出来的，有“同源、同族”的关系，而同形同音异义词则是同一拼写或同一发音，但在意义上大多没有任何历史的或现实的联系，它们非同出一源，而只是读音和拼写上的偶合。在词典中，同形同音词通常以独立项分立，而多义词的各不同义项则全部列在同一词项下。第23页/共42页4

27、)Rhetoric features of homonyms4)Rhetoric features of homonyms（1 1）“Waiter”Waiter”“Yes,sir”“Yes,sir”“whats this”“whats this”“Its “Its bean bean soap,sir.”soap,sir.”“No matter what its “No matter what its beenbeen,what is it now?”,what is it now?”(2)Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfie

28、ld?(2)Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield?Because it has so many Because it has so many ears ears.(3)Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?(3)Why is the Middle Ages also called the Dark Ages?Because there were so many Because there were so many KnightsKnights.第24页/共42页

29、From the above examples,we can see From the above examples,we can see that homonyms are often employed to that homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humouor create puns for desired effect of humouor irony for stylistic purposes.irony for stylistic purposes.第25页/共42页Meaning

30、 and Contextn nAs most words have more than one As most words have more than one meaning,it is often impossible to tell the meaning,it is often impossible to tell the meaning of a word before it is used in meaning of a word before it is used in context.Context is very important for the context.Conte

31、xt is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the meaning is influenced immediately by the linguistic context,and in many cases the linguistic context,and in many cases by the whole speech situation a

32、s well.by the whole speech situation as well.第26页/共42页 When a writer or speaker uses a word,she/he When a writer or speaker uses a word,she/he makes it mean just what he chooses it to makes it mean just what he chooses it to meanneither more nor less.meanneither more nor less.Without Without context

33、,there is no way to determine the context,there is no way to determine the very sense of the word that the speaker very sense of the word that the speaker intended to conveyintended to convey;whereas with context ;whereas with context there is generally no danger of there is generally no danger of m

34、isinterpretation,for misinterpretation,for meaning lives in meaning lives in context and the context defines meaningcontext and the context defines meaning.第27页/共42页Types of contextn nContext is very important for the understanding of word-meaning because the meaning is influenced immediately by the

35、 linguistic context,and in many cases by the whole speech situation as well.第28页/共42页Types of contextn nThere are two types of contexts:linguistic There are two types of contexts:linguistic context and extra-linguistic(or non-context and extra-linguistic(or non-linguistic context).Extra-linguistic l

36、inguistic context).Extra-linguistic context refers to those situations and context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a me

37、ssage or contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use.have an influence on language use.第29页/共42页Types of context1.In a narrow sense,it refers to the words,clauses,sentences in which a word appears.This is known as linguistic context with may cover a paragraph,a whole chapt

38、er and even the entire book.第30页/共42页Types of context 2.2.In a broad senseIn a broad sense,it includes the it includes the physical situation as whole.this is called physical situation as whole.this is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context,extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context,which

39、 embrace the people,place,and which embrace the people,place,and even the whole culture background.even the whole culture background.n nThe extra-linguistic context may extend The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture to embrace the entire culture background.background.n

40、ntrade union in western countries/in trade union in western countries/in ChinaChinan nLandlord in Chinese/in western countryLandlord in Chinese/in western country 第31页/共42页Linguistic context n nLinguistic or Intra-linguistic context is further subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.

41、第32页/共42页Linguistic contextn nBy lexical context we mean the words that occur together with the word in question.n nBy grammatical context we mean that the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.第33页/共42页Lexical Contextn nLexical Context refers to the words occur re

42、fers to the words occur together with the word in question.The meaning of the together with the word in question.The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring word is often affected and defined by the neighboring words.words.第34页/共42页Grammatical contextn nGrammatical conte

43、xt The meanings of a word may be Grammatical context The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.Generally inflected by the structure in which it occurs.Generally speaking,the immediate verbal context,either lexical speaking,the immediate verbal context,either lexical

44、 or grammatical,will suffice for interpreting meaning of or grammatical,will suffice for interpreting meaning of a word.a word.第35页/共42页Linguistic contextn nAs indicated.however,there are cases where the meaning of a word may remain a puzzle until a whole paragraph,a chapter or even a whole book cov

45、ered.第36页/共42页Three major functions of context:n nThree major functions of context:1.elimination of ambiguity,2.indication of referents,3.provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.第37页/共42页a.Elimination of ambiguityn nAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy,homonymy,and grammatical structure,cont

46、ent is very effective in eliminating ambiguity.第38页/共42页b.Indication of referentsn nEnglish has a large number of words such as now/then,here/there,which are often used to refer directly to people,time,place,etc.Without clear text the reference can be very confusing.第39页/共42页c.Provision of clues for

47、 inferring word meaningn ncontext may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words.In many cases,the author will give hints of the new words,which might help to grasp the concept or understand the idea.Context an be summed up as follows:第40页/共42页Provision of clues for inferring word meaningn n1.definitionn n2.explanationn n3.examplen n4.synonymn n5.antonymn n6.hyponymn n7.relevant detailsn n8.word structure第41页/共42页