英语词汇学 chapter 5学习.pptx

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1、 5.1 ReferenceReference is the relationship between language and the world,or the connection between the linguistic symbols and what these symbols refer to in the objective world.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.This connection is the result of ge

2、neralization and abstraction.(所指关系是指语言与周围世界的关系或是指语言符号和其在客观世界中的所指对象之间的关联。词对语言以外事物的指称是任意的和约定俗成的。词与事物的联系是高度概括的，是从同类事物中抽象出来的。)第2页/共35页第1页/共35页 5.1 ReferenceConcept,which is beyond language,is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.That is,it is the reflection of t

3、he objective world in the human mind,known as notion or idea.It is not affected by language.The same concept is the same to speakers of all languages.However,speakers of different languages can have different linguistic forms to express the same concept.(概念是语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事物在人脑中的反映。概念不受语言的影响。同一

4、概念在操不同语言的人类是一样的，但不同语言的人类可用不同语言形式表达同一概念。)第3页/共35页第2页/共35页 5.1 ReferenceSense denotes the relationship inside the language.Every word that has meaning has sense.Sense is simply the meaning of a word in a language.(语义是指语言内部的关系。有意义的每个词都有语义，语义就是一个词在语言中的意义。)第4页/共35页第3页/共35页Meaning is closely related to a

5、concept.A concept is the base of the meaning of a word.A word is used to label a concept.The concept is abstracted from the person,thing,relationship,idea,event,and so on,that we are thinking about.We call this the referent.The word refers to the referent through a concept.This approach to meaning c

6、an be diagrammed as following:word concept referent.第5页/共35页第4页/共35页Triangle of significance（词义三角）Meaning(Concept)Word Form.Referent第6页/共35页第5页/共35页 5.2 MotivationMotivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.But since the relationship between the word-form and

7、 meaning is conventional and arbitrary,words should be non-motivated.Nevertheless,many words are motivated to a certain extent in terms of sound,morphology,semantics and etymology.(理据是指语言符号与意义之间的关联。然而，由于词的形式和意义的关系是任意的和约定俗称的，词应该是没有理据的。然而，英语的许多词汇有拟声，形态，语义和词源理据。)第7页/共35页第6页/共35页 5.2 MotivationClassific

8、ation of motivation：1)Onomatopoeic Motivation explains the word whose sounds suggest their meanings,because these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.For example,bang,ping-pong,miaow,cuckoo,tick-tack,ha ha,etc.But it has to be pointed out that onomatopoeic words constitute o

9、nly a small part of the vocabulary;some onomatopoeic words are not completely motivated phonetically and are conventional to quite a large extent.If you throw a stone into water,the sound you hear is by no means the same as when you say splash.Flies do not exactly make the sound of buzz.第8页/共35页第7页/

10、共35页2)Morphological Motivation concerns the words whose morphological structures suggest their meanings,for generally speaking,the meaning of a derived word or a compound is based on the meaning of the word-building elements.Or We say the word is morphologically motivated,for a direct connection can

11、 be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.This is called morphological motivation.For example,airmail,reading-lamp,miniskirt,hopeless,etc.第9页/共35页第8页/共35页Derivational words are morphologically motivated.If one knows the meaning of the affix and the base,then one can im

12、mediately tell the meaning of the word.Compound words may be morphologically motivated too.The meanings of words like good-looking,spaceman,moonscape,daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts.第10页/共35页第9页/共35页 It should be pointed out that there are a lot of wo

13、rds whose structures are opaque,i.e.their meanings are not the combinations of the separate parts.Black market,eggplant,pineapple,sweet-tooth,greenhorn,etc.第11页/共35页第10页/共35页3)Semantic Motivation refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.It explains the connectio

14、n between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.Here it is the figurative usage that provides the semantic motivation.Examples:When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.when we say the leg of a table,we are comparing the tables leg with one of the lower limb

15、s of a human being.第12页/共35页第11页/共35页Types of semantic motivationMetaphorMetonymySynecdocheAnalogy 第13页/共35页第12页/共35页Metaphor Metaphor（隐喻）is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.It is a simile w

16、ithout like or as.第14页/共35页第13页/共35页Metaphor The world is a stage.A sea of troubles.a tide of popular applause.The city is a jungle where no body is safe after the dark.Some books are to be tasted,others swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.-Bacon Of Studies第15页/共35页第14页/共35页MetonymyMeto

17、nymy（借代）is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes.The substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.第16页/共35页第15页/共35页For exampleHe is too fond of bottles.The hall applauded.I have never read Li Bai.The pen is mightier than the

18、sword.He succeeded to the crown.Uncle Sam;the Pentagon;Hollywood;the White House;Beijing第17页/共35页第16页/共35页Synecdoche Synecdoche（提喻）means using a part for a whole,an individual for a class,a material for a thing,or vice versa.There are about 500 hands working in this factory.This newspaperand probabl

19、y the countrywill wait its time and see how the new faces perform before judging them.The birds sing to welcome the smiling year.to earn ones bread.He is a clever creature.第18页/共35页第17页/共35页Analogy Analogy（类比）is a process whereby words or phrases are created in imitation of existing patterns in the

20、language.The motivation is that the meaning or sense of the created word shares similarity with the existing language pattern.Color:black list-white list,gray list;blue-color workers-white-collar workers,gray-collar workers,pink-collar workers,and gold-collar workersNumber:the First World-the Second

21、 World,the Third world,the Fourth WorldPlace and space:landscape-moonscape,marscape;sunrise-earthrise;spaceman-earthman,moonmanlele lele lele第19页/共35页第18页/共35页Similarity:missile gap-generation gap,development gap,income gap,credibility gapAntonym:hot line-cold line;baby boom-baby bust;nightmare-daym

22、are;cold-war-hot war;high-rise-low-rise.第20页/共35页第19页/共35页4)Etymological Motivation explains the words,whose meanings are closely associated with their origins,i.e.the meanings of the words suggested by their sources.For example a laconic answer-a short answer.第21页/共35页第20页/共35页5.3 Types of Meaning

23、第22页/共35页第21页/共35页Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.(forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forgetti

24、ng).Lexical meaning is that part of the word-meaning when the grammatical meaning is removed.It embraces two components:conceptual and associative meaning.e.g.“go,goes,went,gone,going”possess different grammatical meanings.But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.第23

25、页/共35页第22页/共35页1)Conceptual meaning(also known as denotative meaning or referential meaning)is the meaning given in the dictionary and it forms the core of word-meaning.It is universal,fairly fixed,and relatively stable.Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the sa

26、me conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.e.g.Sun:a heavenly body which gives off light,heat,and energy.mother:a female parent.第24页/共35页第23页/共35页2)Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning and is open-ended and indeterminate,liable to th

27、e influence of such factors as culture,experience,religion,geographical region,class background,education,etc.Associative meaning comprises four types:connotative,stylistic,affective and collocative.第25页/共35页第24页/共35页uSubdivision of Associative Meaning 1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones o

28、r associations suggested by the conceptual meaning,traditionally known as connotations.It might occur in the mind of a particular user of a language.Connotative meaning is unstable,varying considerably according to culture,historical period and the experience of the individual.e.g.mother(a female pa

29、rent)is often associated with“love”,“care”,“tenderness”,“forgiving”,etc.home(a dwelling place)may suggest“family,warmth,safety,love,convenience”,etc.“East or west,home is best”.第26页/共35页第25页/共35页Diagram1magpie owl 中国中国 China喜事、运气、喜事、运气、吉利吉利 Good luck,good will恶运恶运bad luck,malignance英国英国 Britain唠叨、饶舌

30、唠叨、饶舌 wordiness冷静、智慧冷静、智慧 composure,wisdom第27页/共35页第26页/共35页Diagram2red yellow bluewhiteblack汉语汉语 忠贞忠贞 显贵显贵 阴险阴险奸诈奸诈 正义正义 英语英语 暴躁暴躁 胆怯胆怯 沮丧沮丧青白青白 邪恶邪恶 第28页/共35页第27页/共35页 2)Stylistic meaning refers to its stylistic features,which make words appropriate for different contexts.These stylistic features

31、are clearly marked as“formal”,“informal”,“literary”,“archaic”,“slang”,and so on,in some dictionaries.Martin Joos(1962)in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality:frozen,formal,consultative,casual and intimate.In general,there are three types:formal,neutral and informal.e.g.charger

32、,steed,horse,nag,plug.Among them,the terms charger and steed should be marked formal,nag and plug informal,horse neutral or general.第29页/共35页第28页/共35页3)Affective meaning indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question.This meaning can be clearly conveyed simply by the choice

33、of the right words since many have emotive content in themselves.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:appreciative and pejorative.Look at the following diagram第30页/共35页第29页/共35页appreciative neutralpejorativecomrade friendcronygathering crowd mob senior citizen old person fossi

34、l unclothed naked nude slender thin skinny portly overweight tubby scholar student bookworm unique unusual bizarre flexible tolerant Wishy-washy penetrating sharp caustic literary artist writer hack odd outlandish kooky 第31页/共35页第30页/共35页4)Collocative meaning refers to the associations a word acquir

35、es in its collocation,that is,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.e.g.“a bit or a little”collocates with words of negative connotations:drunk,jealous,gloomy,tired,worried;“highly”collocates with words of positive connotations:important,si

36、gnificant,intelligent,sensitive;wide awake,fully awake,sound asleep,far apart(“Very”is inappropriate here);tremble with fear,quiver with excitement.第32页/共35页第31页/共35页 Questions1.What is reference?Reference is the relationship between language and the world,or the connection between the linguistic sy

37、mbols and what these symbols refer to in the objective world.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.This connection is the result of a generalization and abstraction.2.What is concept?Concept,which is beyond language,is the result of human cognition,ref

38、lecting the objective world in the human mind.That is,it is the reflection of the objective world in the human mind,known as notion or idea.It is not affected by language.The same concept is the same to speakers of all languages.However,speakers of different languages can have different linguistic m

39、eaning to express the same concept.第33页/共35页第32页/共35页3.What is sense?Sense denotes the relationship inside the language.Every word that has meaning has sense.Sense is simply the meaning of a word in a language.4.What is motivation?Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol

40、and its meaning.But since the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary,words should be non-motivated.Nevertheless,many words are motivated to a certain extent in terms of sound,morphology,semantics and etymology.第34页/共35页第33页/共35页 Decide whether the following stat

41、ements are true or false.1.Motivation explains why a particular form has a particular meaning.2.Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech,tenses of verbs and stylistic features of words.3.Unlike conceptual meaning,associative meaning is unstable and indeterminate.4.Affective meaning refers to

42、 the part of the word-meaning which indicates the attitude of the user.5.By etymological motivation,we mean that the meaning of a particular word is related to its origin.6.The connotative meaning is also known as connotations,which are generally found in the dictionary.T,F,T,T,T,F.第35页/共35页第34页/共35页感谢您的观看！第35页/共35页