英语考研英语.pdf

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1、Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Linguistics studies particular language,not languages in general.3.A scientific study of language is based on what

2、the linguist thinks.4.In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on language factsand checked against the observed facts.5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6.General linguistics,which relates itself to the research of other areas,studies thebasic c

3、oncepts,theories,descriptions,models and methods applicable in anylinguistic study.7.Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinationsof the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningfulsentences.9.The stu

4、dy of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words iscalled morphology.10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes,but also the combination of morphemes into words and words intosentences.11.The study of meaning in language is known as semanti

5、cs.12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolation,but in context.14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16.Modern lingui

6、stics is mostly prescriptive,but sometimes descriptive.17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point intime.19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary,not the writtenlanguage.20.The distin

7、ction between competence and performance was proposed by F.deSaussure.n.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins withthe letter given:21.Chomsky defines“competence“as the ideal user s k of the rules ofhis language.22.Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the m

8、embers of aspeech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions andapplication of the rules.23.D is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels:a lower level of meaninglessindividual sounds and a higher level of

9、meaningful units.24.Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for humancommunication.25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called s.26.Human capacity for language has a g basis；but the details of languagehave to be taug

10、ht and learned.27.P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems.The study of such applications is generally known as alinguistics.29.Language is p in that it makes possible the construction andin

11、terpretation of new signals by its users.In other words,they can produce andunderstand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heardbefore.30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.HI.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can

12、bestcomplete the statement:31.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use,itis said to be.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness33.Mo

13、dern linguistics regards the written language as.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.In modern linguistics,speech is regarded as more basic than writing,becauseA.in linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writingB.speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconv

14、eyedC.speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongueD.All of the above35.A historical study of language is a study of language.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative36.Saussure took a(n)v i e w of language,while Chomsky looks at languagefrom a point of

15、view.A.sociological.psychologicalB.psychological.sociologicalC.applied.pragmatic0.semantic.linguistic37.According to F.de S a u s s u re,re fe r s to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the mem-bers of a speech community.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language38.Language is said to be arbitr

16、ary because there is no logical connection betweenand meanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas39.Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker.This feature is c a l l e d,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.cultural transmission40.The details of any

17、language system is passed on from one generation to thenext t h r o u g h,rather than by instinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.both A and BIV.Define the following terms:41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics46.Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguis

18、tics51.Applied Linguistics52.Arbitrariness53.Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.Design Features57.Competence58.Performance59.Langue60.ParoleV.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examplesfor illustration if necessary:61.Language is generally defined as a system of

19、arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman commu-nication.Explain it in detail.62.What are the design features of human language?Illustrate them withexamples.63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and adiachronic

20、 study?65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the written?66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67.How do you understand competence and performance?68.Saussure s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomskys distincti

21、on between competence and performance.What do you think are theirmajor differences?69.Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary?Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chi

22、nese andEnglish.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning,they are said to be in complementary distribution.3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not5.In linguistic evolution,speech

23、is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication,speech plays a greater role than writing in terms ofthe amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream ofsounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8.The

24、 articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantareas:the throat,the mouth and the chest.9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and thepart of the tongue th

25、at is raised the highest.11.According to the manner of articulation,some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops,fricatives,bilabial and alveolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors:the position oftongue in the mouth,the openness of the mouth,the sh

26、ape of the lips,and thelength of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips,vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels and open vowels.14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16.Phonology is co

27、ncerned with how the sounds can be classified into differentcategories.17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for another results in a change of meaning.18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs

28、in the same place in the strings,the two words are said toform a phonemic contrast.19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequenceof two or more phonemic segments.n.Fill in each of the following b

29、lanks with one word which begins with the lettergiven:21.A refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22.A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce thespeech sounds and how they differ.23.The four sounds/p/b/z/m/and/w/have one feature in common,i.e.

30、z they areall b sounds.24.Of all the speech organs,the t is the most flexible,and is responsible forvarieties of articulation than any other.25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or interms of p of articulation.26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs

31、 is total or complete,thespeech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passingout again is called a s.27.S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments.Theyinclude stress,tone,intonation,etc.28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds

32、in a particular language arecalled s rules.29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacriticsis called n transcription.30.When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rath

33、er than theword in isolation,they are collectively known as i.31.P is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguisticcommunication.32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three impo

34、rtantcavities:the pharyngeal cavity,the o cavity and the nasal cavity.33.T are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34.Depending on the context in which stress is considered,there are two kinds of

35、stress:word stress and s stress.in.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs,the is/are the most flexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocal cords36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are_sounds.A.voic

36、elessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal37.is a voiced alveolar stop.A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying“a featureof a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones.A.identicalB.sameC.exactly alikeD.similar39.Since/p/and/b/are phonetically similar,occur

37、in the same environments andthey can distinguish meaning,they are said to be.A.in phonemic contrastB.in complementary distributionC.the allophonesD.minimal pair40.The sound/f/is.A.voiced palatal affricateB.voiced alveolar stopC.voiceless velar fricativeD.voiceless labiodental fricative41.A _ vowel i

38、s one that is produced with the front part of the tonguemaintaining the highest position.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle42.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are c a l l e d.A.phonet

39、ic componentsB.immediate constituentsC.suprasegmental featuresD.semantic features43.A(n)i s a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit,acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different pho

40、neticenvironments are called the_of that phoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophonesIV.Define the terms below:45.phonology46.phoneme47.allophone48.international phonetic alphabet 49.intonation 50.phonetics51.auditory phonetics52.acoustic phonetics53.phone54.phonemic contrast55.tone56.minimal pair

41、V.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examplesfor illustration if necessary:57.Of the two media of language,why do you think speech is more basic thanwriting?58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59.What are the major differences between p

42、honology and phonetics?60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Chapter 3 MorphologyI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Morphology studies the internal structure of

43、words and the rules by which wordsare formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology,so is a morphemethe basic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are f

44、reemorphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types:roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number,tense,degree,and case.7.The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem,which can be a bound root,a

45、 free morpheme,or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word,not the meaningof it.9.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem toform a new word.Therefore,words formed according to the morphological rulesare acceptable words

46、.10.Phonetically,the stress of a compound always falls on the first element,whilethe second elementreceives secondary stress.n.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11.M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12.The aff议 -ish in the word boyish conveys a g me

47、aning.13.B morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but haveto be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to form a word.14.Affixes are of two types:inflectional affixes and d affixes.15.D affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16.A s is added to the end of ste

48、ms to modify the meaning of the originalword and it may case change its part of speech.17.C is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words.18.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m rules.19.In terms of morphem

49、ic analysis,d can be viewed as the additionof affixes to stems to form new words.20.A s can be a bound root,a free morpheme,or a derived form itself towhich a derivational affix can be added.in.There are four choices following each statement.Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement:21.The

50、 morpheme“vision“in the common word“television“is a(n).A.bound morphemeB.bound formC.inflectional morphemeD.free morpheme22.The compound word“bookstore is the place where books are sold.Thisindicates that the meaning of a c o m p o u n d.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB.can alway