英语高级写作.pptx

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1、Another common pattern of essay organization is called cause and effect.In a cause/effect essay,you discuss the causes(reasons)for something,the effects(results),or both causes and effects.You might use cause/effect organization to answer typical test questions such as these:第1页/共19页Explain the decl

2、ine in reading ability among schoolchildren.Discuss the effects of global warming on the environment.Discuss house price and its effects on the Chinese economy.Explain the causes and effects of the Stockholm syndrome.第2页/共19页You can organize a cause/effect essay in two main ways:block organizationch

3、ain organization.第3页/共19页block organizationIn block organization,you first discuss all the causes as a block(in one,two,three,or more paragraphs,depending on the number of causes).Then you discuss all the effects together as a block.You can discuss either causes or effects first.Of course,you can al

4、so discuss only causes or only effects.第4页/共19页Block Organization第5页/共19页Block Organization第6页/共19页Task 1Work out the outline of the essay with your teammates.第7页/共19页Chain OrganizationIn this pattern,causes and effects are linked to each other in a chain.One event causes a second event,which in tur

5、n causes a third event,which in turn causes a fourth event,and so on.Each new cause and its effect are links in a chain.Depending on the complexity of the ideas in each link,you can devote an entire paragraph to one link,or you may include several links in one paragraph,or you may describe the entir

6、e chain in one paragraph.Chain organization usually works better than block organization when the causes and effects are too closely linked to be separated.Notice the chain pattern in the following diagram.第8页/共19页Chain Organization:How Fertile Land Becomes DesertPeople move to new areas and clear l

7、and for agriculture by cutting down trees.The tree roots no longer hold the soil in place.The tree roots do not hold the soil in place.The topsoil washes away during heavy rains.The topsoil washes away during heavy rains.There is no good soil to grow crops in.There is no good soil to grow crops in.P

8、eople move into new areas and clear land for agriculture by cutting down trees.第9页/共19页The type of cause/effect organization you choose depends on your topicA chain pattern is usually easier if the causes and effects are very closely interrelated.You might use a chain pattern to write about the caus

9、es of a particular disease or phenomenon in nature such as a thunderstorm or a rainbow.The block pattern is usually easier with larger,complex topics such as global warming or homelessness.Sometimes you will want to use a combination of block and chain organization.第10页/共19页Cause/Effect Signal Words

10、 and Phrases第11页/共19页第12页/共19页Task 2Step 1 Underline the part of the sentence that states a cause.Step 2 Circle the word or words that introduce the cause.Step 3 Be able to discuss the use of each word or phrase you have circled.What kind of grammatical structure follows each one?Notice especially t

11、he difference between the use of because and because of第13页/共19页Effect Signal Words第14页/共19页第15页/共19页Task 3Step 1 Underline the part of the sentence that states an effect.Step 2 Circle the word or words that introduce the effect.Step 3 Be able to discuss the use of each word or phrase that you have

12、circled.What kind of grammatical structure follows each one?How is the sentence punctuated?第16页/共19页Task 4Step 1 Decide which sentence in each item is a cause and which is an effect.Write C for cause or E for effect next to each sentence.Step 2 Combine the sentences in each item into a new sentence

13、that shows a cause/effect relationship.Use the cause or effect signal word or phrase given to form your new sentence,and circle the word.You will have to add,delete,or change words in most sentences.第17页/共19页These are the important points you should have learned from this chapter.1.Cause/effect orga

14、nization is a common pattern in academic writing to write about causes(or reasons)and effects(or results).2.There are two common cause/effect patterns of organization.In block organization,the causes(or reasons)are grouped together in one block,and the effects(or results)are grouped together in anot

15、her block.There may be a transition paragraph between blocks.In chain organization,the causes and effects are too closely linked to be separated.One cause leads to an effect,which is the cause of the next effect.3.Use a variety of cause/effect signal words to help your reader follow your ideas.第18页/共19页感谢您的观看！第19页/共19页