部编人教版九年级上语文《18 怀疑与学问》优质精品公开课课件.pptx

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1、,冬夜读书示子聿宋陆游古人学问无遗力，少壮工夫老始成。纸上得来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

2、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

3、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,【赏析】这首诗一方面强调了做学问要坚持不懈，早下功夫；另一方面，特别强调了做学问的诀窍，那就是不能满足于字面上的意思，而要躬行实践，在实践中加深理解。在书本与实践的关系上，诗人强调了实践的重要性，这符合唯物主义认识论的观点。诗人寓理于教，旨在激励儿子不要仅仅满足于书本知识，而应在实践中验证所学知识从而获得真知。,18 怀疑与学问,1.理清作者的论证思路，把握文章的中心论点以及各分论点。（重点） 2.领会怀疑精神的实质，学习本文的论证结构，品味其严谨准确的语言。（难点） 3.在生活学习中，培养多思考、多发问的

4、怀疑精神。（重点）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

5、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元

6、成才路,状元成才路,顾颉刚（18931980），字铭坚，江苏苏州人，历史学家。他是我国“古史辨”学派的创始人，提出了“层累地造成的中国古史”学说，也是我国历史地理学和民俗学的开创者。编有古史辨，著有汉代学术史略三皇考等。,本文选自宝树园文存卷三（中华书局2011年版）。1922年，顾颉刚先生到上海任商务印书馆编辑，这段时间他与胡适和钱玄同通过信件讨论群经辨伪问题，开始复兴历史上的疑辨运动，并把儒家的辨伪变成历史家的辨伪。在1923年提出了“层累地造成的中国古史”的学说，引起了一场古史大论战。1926年，顾颉刚把论战双方的文章收集起来，编成古史辨第一册，于是，中国史学界出现了一个以“疑古”为旗帜

7、的古史辨派，怀疑与学问即为此段时间所作。,虚妄（ ） 墨守（ ） 折扣（ ）停滞（ ） 塾师（ ） 程颐（ ）譬如（ ） 顾颉刚（ ） 腐草为萤（ ）,wn,m,zh,zh,sh,y,p,ji,yn,生难字,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

8、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

9、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,腐草能化为萤火虫。没有事实根据的。不用攻击，自己就溃败了。多形容观点、情节等站不住脚，经不起反驳或责问。识别虚假的，去掉无事实根据的（多指理念或学说）。旧时指学问渊博的著名学者。指社会上流行的风俗习惯(含贬义)。,根据词语的意思写出课文中的词语。,【腐草为萤】,【虚妄】,【不攻自破】,【辨伪去妄】,【大儒】,【流俗】,自由朗读课文，理清文章层次结构。,第一部分（1、2）：做学问要有怀疑精神

10、。,第二部分（35）：怀疑是从消极方面辨伪去妄的必要步骤。,第三部分（6）：怀疑是从积极方面建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件。,课文是怎样提出中心论点的？课文的中心论点是什么？,“学者先要会疑。”程颐“在可疑而不疑者，不曾学；学则须疑。”张载,引用名言，提出观点：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

11、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

12、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,开头引用名言有何作用？,引用名言，意在表明做学问要有怀疑的精神，也要善于怀疑。既提出了本文的中心论点：做学问“须疑”与“会疑”，同时充当论据，也使文章开头显得活泼有新意，吸引读者的阅读兴趣。,仔细阅读文章第二部分，说说文章是怎样论证“怀疑是从消极方面辨伪去妄的必要步骤”的？,指出做学问要有怀疑精神的依据。,论述怀疑精神是做一切学问的

13、基本条件。,论述求知需有怀疑精神，不应盲从迷信。,得出结论,指出做学问要有怀疑精神的依据。,譬如在国难危急的时候，各地一定有许多口头的消息，说得如何凶险，那便是别人的传说，不一定可靠；要知道实际的情形，只有靠自己亲身视察。,举例论证：论证“别人的传说，不一定可靠”，引出下文对做学问需要怀疑精神的论述。,做学问也是这样，最要紧最可靠的材料是自己亲见的事实根据；但这种证据有时候不能亲自看到，便只能靠别人的传说了。,类比论证：表明“做学问”时，面对传言也应靠自己亲自去视察才可辨真伪一样，说理通俗易懂。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

14、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状

15、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,论述怀疑精神是做一切学问的基本条件。,我们听说中国古代有三皇、五帝，便要问问：这是谁说的话？最先见

16、于何书？所见的书是何时何人著的？著者何以知道？我们若能这样追问，一切虚妄的学说便不攻自破了。,举例论证：举例说明对于传说要善于思考质疑，强调怀疑精神对做学问的重要性。,论述求知需有怀疑精神，不应盲从迷信。,经过“怀疑”“思索”“辨别”三步以后，那本书才是自己的书。那种学问才是自己的学问。否则便是盲从，便是迷信。,反面论证：从反面论述“怀疑”“思索”“辨别”的必要性。,“怀疑”“思索”“辨别”三步的顺序能否调换？为什么？,不能。因为人只有先怀疑才可能思索，只有思索才可能辨别是非，三个步骤是按人对事物进行辨析时思维的先后顺序排列的，调整后就不符合人的认知规律了。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

17、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路

18、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,孟子所谓“尽信书则不如无书”，也就

19、是教我们有一点怀疑的精神，不要随便盲从或迷信。,引用论证：引用孟子的话，进一步论述怀疑精神的重要性，使论证更有说服力。,什么是怀疑精神？,经过一番事前的思考，不随便轻信的态度就是怀疑精神。,怀疑不仅是消极方面辨伪去妄的必须步骤，也是积极方面建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件。,承上启下，使论述逐层深入。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

20、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

21、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,对于别人的话，都不打折扣地承认，那是思想上的懒惰。这样的脑筋永远是被动的，永远不能治学。,仔细阅读文章第三部分，说说文章是怎样论证“怀疑是从积极方面建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件”的？,反面论证：缺乏怀疑精神对治学的危害。,只有常常怀疑、常常发问的脑筋才有问题，有问题才想求解答。在不断的发问和

22、求解中，一切学问才会起来。,正面论证：从正面论述怀疑的精神对于做学问的积极作用。,许多大学问家、大哲学家都是从怀疑中锻炼出来的。清代的一位大学问家戴震法国的大哲学家笛卡儿也说：“我怀疑，所以我存在。”他的哲学就建立在对于万事万物的怀疑和明辨上。,举例论证：列举戴震及笛卡儿对待学问持怀疑的精神使学问发展起来的事实，论证建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件是“怀疑”的道理，论证充分具体。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

23、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,

24、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,古今科学上新的发明，哲学上新的理论，美术上新的作风，都是这样起来的。,指出科学、哲学、美术等领域的学问是靠怀疑的精神发展起来的，进一步论证怀疑的精神对于建设新学说、启迪新发明的重要作用。,若使后之学者都墨守前人的旧说

25、，那就没有新问题，没有新发明，一切学术停滞，人类的文化也就不会进步了。,反面论证：指出后之学者都墨守前人的旧说，即毫无怀疑精神的危害，从反面论证怀疑精神的重要作用。,1.结构清晰，逻辑性强。,文章开头两段引用我国古代两位著名学者的话，提出中心论点。第35段先从消极方面作论证，第3、4段先指学问的基础是事实和论据，再论述对有时只能是传说的论据要有怀疑精神，对传说都应当经过一番思考。第5段扩展开去，提出“不论对哪一本书，哪一种学问，都要经过自己的怀疑、思索与辨别，不可盲从迷信”。第6段首句中的两个分句分别概括了上下文的两个分论点。由此可见，本文层层深入，对怀疑的精神在做学问过程中的必要性和意义，作

26、了全面而精当的阐述，层次分明，思路清晰。,2.多种论证方法，说理有力。,首先，本文使用了道理论证，引用古代著名学者的话作为论据，增强了文章的说服力。如第5段中引用孟子的话“尽信书则不如无书”，有力地证明了段首提出的论点。此处，本文还使用了举例论证。为了论证对传说必须有怀疑精神这个论点，第4段举了古书上“三皇、五帝”和“腐草为萤”两个例子，使人确信古书记载的传说不一定可靠，怀疑确有必要。第六段为了论证怀疑是建设新学说、启迪新发明的基本条件，又举清代大学问家戴震读书善疑的事例为证，极具说服力。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

27、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才

28、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,怀疑与学问,中心论点治学必须有怀疑精神（“学则须疑”）,分论点,怀疑是辨伪去妄的必要步骤,怀疑是建设新学

29、说、启迪新发明的基本条件,做学问要有怀疑精神,三皇五帝,人们一般以“三皇五帝”泛指远古时代的帝王，但对三皇五帝的具体解释，史籍的记载各不相同，一般认为：“三皇”是指燧人氏、伏羲氏、神农氏(见礼纬含文嘉)。传说三皇分别掌管着天、地、人。燧人氏发明了钻木取火，火象征着太阳，人们便尊其为天皇；伏羲氏教会了人们“结绳为网以渔”，造福于民，主要在人间活动，人们便尊称他为地皇；神农是农业之神，教民耕种，采撷庄稼，还尝百草，创医学，便被尊称为人皇。,“五帝”是指黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、唐尧、虞舜(见史记五帝本纪)。他们都是传说中太古时代的几个君主。 传说，黄帝是中华民族的始祖，居轩辕之丘，故号轩辕氏(亦称有熊氏)

30、，他是50006000年前北方氏族部落的首领，先后战胜了东方夷人的首领蚩尤、西方羌人的首领炎帝，被四方首领公推为“天子”，统一了天下，促进了各族人民的大融合，逐渐形成了古老的华夏族，也就是汉族的前身，他是当之无愧的“人文始祖”。 颛顼，黄帝之孙。他继承了黄帝的统治权，是当时颇为,强大的部落首领。 帝喾，黄帝的曾孙，在位70多年，政绩突出，颇得民望。 唐尧，帝喾的儿子、黄帝的五世孙。他当上部落首领后，能够与老百姓同甘共苦，所以，老百姓非常拥戴他。 虞舜，颛顼的七世孙，传说他是通过尧“禅让”上位的。尧在位70年后，因年纪大了，就召开部落联盟会议，讨论继承人的问题，大家都推举虞舜，反映他有德有才，比

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32、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,1.搜集有关怀疑与学问的名人名言，积累下来。,2.学习本文后，结合你在学习中遇到的“疑”谈谈你的感受。,