phrase structure rule.ppt

《phrase structure rule.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《phrase structure rule.ppt（44页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、Phrase&Phrase Structure RuleSyntactic categories are organized into larger units called“phrases”according to the phrase structure rule.Phrase Structure Rule(短语结构规则):-tells us how to construct phrases-generate a tree-predicts the ungrammaticality of other structuresPhrase（短语）每个短语必须包含一个中心词（head)，该短语以中

2、心词命名。例如，名词短语必须包含一个名词，此名词即为该名词短语的中心词。中心词可以自成短语，也可以带上其他成分成短语。接在中心词后面的是补足语（complement)，用来修饰中心词的成分是指示语（specifier)。Noun Phrase(NP)NP N+PPstudents of linguiticsmap of ChinaNP AP+Nvery smart studentsextremely important thingNP NPPAPNPstudentsof lingusiticsvery smartNoun Phrase(NP)NP NPPAPNPstudentsof lingu

3、siticsvery smartThe whole phrase is a noun phrase,and under the overall noun phrase,there is another noun phrase.They have the same head.Noun Phrase(NP)NP NPPAPNPstudentsIn order to differentiate the two NPs,we call the NP at the intermediate level N-bar(N)word-levelintermediate levelphrase levelNou

4、n Phrase(NP)NP NPPAPNstudentsIn order to differentiate the two NPs,we call the NP at the intermediate level N-bar(N)Determiner Phrase(DP)DP D+NP the cover of the bookDNP head complement 专有名词或代词自己组成 DPHong Kong、John、this、that、those Macdonalds Preposition Phrase(PP)PP P+DP in the bookPDP head compleme

5、nt Verb Phrase(VP)VP V+DPplayed the game VP AdvP+Vvery violently played VP VDPAdvPVPplayedthe gamevery violentlyVerb Phrase(VP)VP VDPAdvPVPplayedthe gamevery violentlyword-levelintermediate levelphrase levelVerb Phrase(VP)VP VDPAdvPVplayedthe gamevery violentlybar-levelPhrase structure rules and X-b

6、ar theory上面的短语结构规则并没有囊括英语中所有的短语结构规则，但是我们能使用这些规则生成许多短语结构了。自七十年代开始，Chomsky(1970)、Jackendoff(1972)对短语结构规则做了重大修改，提出了著名的X杠理论（X theory)。X-bar(X)theory内容1:每个短语XP必须包含一个中心词X;而每个中心词必须投射成,而且只能投射成一个短语。X-bar(X)theory内容2：中心词可以带另外一个短语做它的补足语，中心词与补足语在层次结构上处于同一层。XP X(中心词）YP（补足语）例如，动词 eat 可以带限定词短语 an apple 做它的补足语；介词 o

7、n 可以带限定词短语 the table 做它的补足语。X-bar(X)theory内容3：中心词可以被另外一个短语修饰，该修饰语短语是中心词的指示语，处于中心词的上一层次。XP ZP(指示语)?X(中心词)YP(补足语)X-bar(X)theory例如，副词 quickly 可以修饰动词短语 open the door，此时，quickly 处于指示语的位置，结构如下：VP AdvP(指示语)?V DP(补足语)X杠理论的由来我们知道 quickly open the door 是一个动词短语，那么在这个动词短语下面的 open the door 是什么呢？如果我们将它也标注成 VP,那么动

8、词open就是两个动词短语的中心词了。这违背了“每个短语XP必须包含一个中心词X;而每个中心词必须投射成，而且只能投射成一个短语”的规定。所以为了避免一个中心词投射成多个短语的问题，我们将 open the door 处理为V（V杠:V-bar）成分，这就是X杠理论的由来。X-bar(X)theoryXP XYPZPXhead有了X杠理论，所有的短语，不管其中心词是什么，我们都能将其表现为下列结构。A phrase have three levels:the phrasal level,the intermediate(bar)level,and the word plementspecifi

9、erword levelbar levelphrase levelX-bar(X)theoryDP DYPZPDthis如果一个短语没有指示语和补足语，那么中心词自己也必须投射成短语，才能参与句法操作，complementspecifierObligatory：headOptional:specifiercomplementX-bar(X)theoryDP DDthis如果一个短语没有指示语和补足语，那么中心词自己也必须投射成短语，才能参与句法操作，Obligatory：headOptional:specifiercomplementX-bar theoryVVVP吃蘋果大AAAPNNNP中心

10、詞小短語短語Minimum levelIntermediatelevel Maximum level動賓短語：吃大蘋果偏正(定中)短語：大蘋果吃大蘋果偏正動賓VVVPAAAPNNNP 吃大蘋果X-bar(X)theoryX杠理论中的中心词 X 可以为任何词类，也就是说，所有的短语结构规则可以全部简化为X杠理论。显然X杠理论比短语结构规则具有更强大的概括性与解释力。中心語（詞）和另外一個短語組成小短語，小短語和另外一個短語組成短語。（組成了合成的短語。）中心語只跟短語組成小短語。小短語只跟短語組成小短語/短語。詞和詞只能組成合成詞，並不能直接組成短語。换言之，短语才是句法运算的基本单位。Ques

11、tion:“组词成句组词成句”True or false?Why?Evidence?詞1短語2小短語1短語3短語1X:headZP:ComplementXXPYP:specifierspecifier:指定語complement:補足語詞1短語2小短語1短語3短語1VNPVVPDP小明吃蘋果主謂短語：小明吃蘋果Sentences(the S rule)S NP VP SNPVPNPDet N V Det NA boy found the evidence lS NP infl VP lMany linguists believe that sentences,like other phrase

12、s,also have their own heads.Infl is an abstract category inflection(dubbed Infl)as their heads,which indicates the sentences tense and agreement.InflP(=S)NPVPInflSentences(the S rule)A sentence is an inflection phrase.The head can be an abstract category indicating the inflectional property(tense)of

13、 the verb,or an auxiliary.Infl realized by a tense labelInflP（=S）NPVPNPDet N Infl V Det NA boy Pst found the evidenceInfl realized by an auxiliaryInflP（=S）VPNPNPDet N Infl V Det NA boy will find the evidenceCP C+IP英语的标句词（Complementizer）根据后面的补足语的语气不同分为表示陈述语气的 that和表示疑问语气的whether/if，例如：a.Jane will rea

14、lize that John has cheated her.b.Jane is wondering whether/if John has cheated her.整个宾语从句是一个标句词短语(CP).With the X-bar theory,the structure of a sentence may be generally represented as follows:CP IP VP CPCSpecCIPISpecIVPVSpecVCompThe organization of the syntactic componentThe XP ruleDeep structuretra

15、nsformationsSurface structureSubcategorization restricts choice of complementsDeep structure-formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads sub-categorization properties;it contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence.Surface structure-

16、corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations;it is that of the sentence as it is pronounced or written.Deep structure&surface structure TransformationsAuxiliary movement(inversion)Do insertion Wh-movementInversion:Move I to Ca.Did you see B

17、illy this morning?b.Will you move to Shatin next year?传统语法认为这种移位实际上就是主语助动词互换位置。但是我们知道主语是短语，而助动词是中心词，短语不能移动到中心词的位置，中心词也不能移动到短语的位置。移位必须遵循中心词只能移动到中心词位置，短语只能移动到短语位置的结构保持原则。同时移位必须是向上的移动，也就是说助动词只能移动到高一层的中心词位置，也就是标句词的位置。如果标句词位置已经被that、whether/if占据，那么助动词就不能移入了，如（c）。在动词后面引导疑问语气的宾语从句必须用if/whether标句词，不能通过助动词移位

18、来表示疑问，如（b）。a.What did Mary ask you?-If Bill will design a software.-Will Bill design a software.-Mary asked me CP if Bill will design a software.b.*Mary asked me CP will Bill design a software.c.*Mary asked me CP if will Bill design a software.Do insertionDo insertion-Insert interrogative do into an

19、 empty Infl position.CPCSNP Infl VPBirds flyCPCPCCSSInfl NP Infl VPNP Infl VPBirds do flyDo birds e flyFigure-1Figure-2Figure-3Wh-movement英语中的特殊疑问除了需要将助动词移位到标句词的位置，还需要前置疑问词who,what,which,where,when,how,why等等，例如：What will Bill design?Deep structure:Bill will design what Surface structure:What will Bill design 所谓的将疑问词前置就是将疑问词移动到CP的指示语的位置。疑问词移位中心词移位Move and constraints on transformationsInversion can move an auxiliary from the Infl to the nearest C position,but not to a more distant C position.No element may be removed from a coordinate structure.