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1、定语从句(1)TheAttributiveClause 在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。Thewomanisawriter.Shelivesnexttome.-Thewomanwholivesnexttomeisawriter.Thewomanwholivesnexttomeisawriter.先行词定语从句引导词关系代词:who,whom,whose,that,which(what不能引导定语从句)关系副词:when,where,why(how不用来引导定语从句)引导词又称之为关系词,分为以下两种:Attention:1.定语从句前必须有先行词(作主语、宾语或表语),否则就
2、没有说明或修饰的中心内容。2.关系代词和关系副词连接先行词和定语从句,起连接作用,同时在定语从句中担任一定的句子成分。关系词等于先行词。根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开。关系代词:who,which,that作从句的主语whom,which,that作从句的宾语(可省略)whose从句中作定语关系副词:when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,只修饰reason。写定语从句的办法:首先、找出两个句子当中相同的部分
3、,定语从句修饰的就是这一部分。其次、把句子中相同的那个部分用一个关系词来代替;代替时根据关系代词的使用规则替换。第三、再把这个关系代词放到要变成定语从句的句子的最前方(被代替的部分去掉),这个句子就变成了定语从句。然后,再把这个定语从句整个放在被修饰的词后面。Haveyoufoundthekey?Youwerelookingforthe keyyesterday.-Haveyoufoundthekeyyouwerelookingforyesterday?ThedogbelongstotheBrowns.Itatemyfishyesterday.-Thedogwhich/thatatemyfis
4、hyesterdaybelongstotheBrowns。Theladyhasgonetothepolicestation.Hercarhasbeenstolen.-Theladywhosecarhasbeenstolenhasgonetothepolicestation.Iveseenthefilm.HisgirlfriendplayedtheleadingroleInit.-Iveseenthefilmwhich/that)hisgirlfriendplayedtheleadingrolein-Iveseenthefilminwhichhisgirlfriendplayedtheleadi
5、ngrole.介词+关系代词Thisisthehouse.Iwasbornandbroughtupinthehouse.-Thisisthehousewhich/thatIwasbornandbroughtupin.-ThisisthehouseIwasbornandbroughtupin.-Thisisthehousein whichIwasbornandbroughtup.只能用that而不用which的情况:1.先行词为不定代词all,little,none,any,every,no,much,anything,nothing2.先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括:theonly,the
6、very,thesame,thelast,thenext等)3.先行词既有人又有物的时候注意:that指人或物时,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语。a.Isthattheparrot(that/which)youarelookingfor?b.Sheistheperson(who/whom/that)Imetattheschoolgate.用which而不用that的几种特殊情况:引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时)介词+关系代词的结构中注意:whom/which作介词的宾语时,介词一般可放在whom/which之前,也可放在从句原来的位置上;但是在含
7、有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来的位置上,保持其意义的相对独立与完整。a.Theroomwhichthereisamachineinisaworkshop.=Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop.b.Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor.(正确)Thisisthepersonforwhomyouarelooking.(错误)限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句Thesupermarketwhichwasopenedtwomonthsagoisnowcloseddown.两个月前开的那家超市现在已经倒闭了。(限定)
8、Thesupermarket,whichwasopenedtwomonthsago,isnowcloseddown.那家超市现在已经倒闭了,那家超市两个月前开的。(非限定)Thebook(which)yourereadingismine.你正在读的那本书是我的。(限定)Thebook,whichyourereading,ismine.那本书是我的,你正在读那本书。(非限定)用who而不能用that的几种特殊情况:1.先行词是one,ones,anyone或具有泛指意义的he等时。a.Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.b.Iw
9、illshootanyonewhomoves.c.HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.2.当先行词是those时。ThosewhowanttogototheGreatWallsignuphere.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.3.当先行词有较长的后置定语时。Imetaforeignerinthestreetwhowishedtovisityou.4.带有两个定语从句,其中前一个关系代词是that时。Theboythatyoumetyesterdayisthegroupleaderwhostudieshard.5.
10、在therebe开头的句子中。Thereisanoldmanwhowantstoseeyou.as引导的定语从句1as可以代替整个句子或一件事,引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,意为“正如,就像,据”;从句位置可置于主句之前或之后,有时也可作为插入语置于句中,一般用逗号和主句隔开。常见于以下这些结构:aswecansee,ascanbeseen,asweknow,asis(well)known,asmaybeimagined,asoftenhappens,ashasbeensaidbefore,aswasmentionedabove,asisoftenthecase,as/in
11、deeditis,ashasbeensaidabove,asanybodycansee,.1.Asiswellknown,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.Or:Greatchanges,asiswellknown,havetakenplaceinChina.(as在定语从句中作主语)2.Thisexperimentisverysimple,asindeeditis.(as在从句中作表语)3.Thingsarenotalwaysastheyappear.4.Theboyhasasmuchprogressaswehadexpected.注意:which在引导非限
12、制性定语从句时,也有和as一样的功能,可以代替整个句子,但which只能用在主句之后。在as所引导的非限制性定语从句中,如果运用的是被动语态结构,be动词可以省略;但which没有此用法,be动词不可省。Shemarriedhim,whichwasunexpected.Shemarriedhimas(was)unexpected.(作主语,代替前面的句子;用which时was不可省。)a.Aseveryoneknows,Chinaisabeautifulcountrywithalonghistory.b.Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun.c.Tomworks
13、hardandiswillingtohelpothers,asweallknow.2.as除了代替整个句子,也可以代替主句中一个特定的词。as在它引导的定语从句(限制性或非限制性)中可以充当主语,宾语和表语;在这种用法中它经常和such,so,thesame等词搭配使用;且当先行词中有such,so,thesame等词修饰时,关系代词通常必须用as。a.Theyweresatisfiedwiththisdecision,aswasagreedbeforehand.(事先)(as在定语从句中作主语,其先行词是thisdecision)b.Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetel
14、ls.(as在定语从句中作宾语,先行词是suchstories.)c.Theplacedoesntlookthesameasitwasbeforeliberation.(as在定语从句中作表语,先行词是same)d.HaveyouboughtthesamebookasIreferredtoyesterday?(as在定语从句中作宾语,先行词是book)注意:先行词中有thesame修饰时,定语从句也可用that引导,但意思上有区别,as表示与此同类;that表示就是那一个,同物。HaveyoubroughtthesamebookthatIgaveyouyesterday?(that在定语从句中作宾语,先行词是book。体会:本句中所指的书是同一本,上句中指的是同一类书,而并不就是那一本。)