英语基本语法1.ppt

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1、英 语 的 基 本 句 型 结 构句子成分表示法及其缩写 S subject （主语）（主语）V verb （谓语）（谓语）O object （宾语）（宾语）P predicarive （表语）（表语）IO Indirect Object （间接宾语）间接宾语）DO Direct Object （直接宾语）（直接宾语）OC Object Complement (宾语补足语）宾语补足语）五大基本句型1.S+V+P 主语+系动词+表语2.S+V 主语+谓语（+状语）3.S+V+O 主语+谓语+宾语4.S+V+IO+DO 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾5.S+V+O+OC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补句子基本成分

2、定义定义:组成句子的各个部分：即主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足组成句子的各个部分：即主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。语、定语和状语。(说明说明:主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，也是构成句主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，也是构成句子的必须部分，其它为可能有的部分子的必须部分，其它为可能有的部分一、主语一、主语主语是一个句子的主题，也是句子的主体，表示句子主要说明的人或主语是一个句子的主题，也是句子的主体，表示句子主要说明的人或事物。它的位置事物。它的位置一般在句首一般在句首。一般由名词、代词、动词不定式一般由名词、代词、动词不定式(to do)、动名词、动名词(doing)、或当于名词

3、或代词的词、短语或句子等充当。、或当于名词或代词的词、短语或句子等充当。Little streams feed big rivers.(名词名词)We study in No.1 Middle School.(代词代词)To find your way can be a problem.(动词不定式动词不定式)Smoking is bad for you.(动名词动名词)Whenever you are ready will be fine.(从句从句)练习选出句中主语选出句中主语1 The teacher with two of his students is walking into th

4、e classroom.2.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.3.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.4.Nobody gets to live backward.（谁也不能回到过去）5.The early bird catches the worm.6.Knowledge is power.作业：作业：写出五个句子并标示出句子的主语。写出五个句子并标示出句子的主语。二、谓语二、谓语谓语是说明主语的动作或状态。一般放在主语之

5、后。谓语谓语是说明主语的动作或状态。一般放在主语之后。谓语一般是由动词或连系动词一般是由动词或连系动词+表语担当。表语担当。谓语必须和主语谓语必须和主语在在“人称人称”和和“数数”上保持一致。上保持一致。(主谓一致主谓一致)。注意：在英语中按动词后能否直接跟宾语，分为及物动词注意：在英语中按动词后能否直接跟宾语，分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词用和不及物动词。及物动词用Vt表示，不及物动词用表示，不及物动词用Vi表示。表示。及物动词后直接跟宾语。不及物动词后不跟宾语或是加介及物动词后直接跟宾语。不及物动词后不跟宾语或是加介词再跟宾语。词再跟宾语。谓语正确形式，谓语正确形式，1.情态动词情态动

6、词+动词原形。动词原形。2.Be+现在分词，现在分词，过去分词过去分词 3.has,have,had+过去分词过去分词 4.do,does did(not)+动词原形动词原形we love our country。I want two apples.what happened yesterday.Listen to me carefully,please.The boy stood on the desk.The bird can fly.练习选出句子谓语1.I dont like the picture on the wall.2.Do you usually go to school by

7、 bus?3 What I want to tell you is this.4 He is interested in music.5 Whom did you give my book to?6 We had better send for a docter.7 I was born in September,2002.8 My friend often stays up late.9 I enjoy helping others.10 He became a doctor after he graduated from high school.作业：写出五个句子并标示出谓语作业：写出五个

8、句子并标示出谓语三三、宾语、宾语宾语表示动作、行为的对象。及物动宾语表示动作、行为的对象。及物动(vt)词可直接带宾语，词可直接带宾语，有些不及物动词有些不及物动词(vi)加上介词或副词也可带宾语。由名词、加上介词或副词也可带宾语。由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子担当。代词或相当于名词的词、短语或句子担当。He often helps me.(代词代词)Remember to buy some stamps.(动词不定式动词不定式)宾语的种类宾语的种类:1.一般是指及物动词的宾语，但也可以是介词的宾语。一般是指及物动词的宾语，但也可以是介词的宾语。We will remember yo

9、ur kindness.(及物动词的宾语及物动词的宾语)Are you for or against this idea?(介词的宾语介词的宾语)2双宾语双宾语(1)有些及物动词可带双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。一有些及物动词可带双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。一般直接宾语指事物，而间接宾语指人，在句中二者同时应般直接宾语指事物，而间接宾语指人，在句中二者同时应用。用。(2)通常间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，有时亦可放在直接宾通常间接宾语放在直接宾语之前，有时亦可放在直接宾语之后，这时间接宾语前一般要加介词语之后，这时间接宾语前一般要加介词to或或for。(3)常用于带双宾语的动词有：常用于带双宾语

10、的动词有：answer,bring,buy,give,keep,lend,make,pay,sell,send,show,take,tell,write等等 I gave him my address.-I gave my address to him.I have found him a place.-I have found a place for him.3.复合宾语：复合宾语：“宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”构成复合宾语构成复合宾语。No one ever saw Jim angry.We call him Xiao Wang.4.形式宾语形式宾语it与真宾语。在复合宾语中，如作宾语

11、的是非与真宾语。在复合宾语中，如作宾语的是非w谓语谓语动词短语或从句，这时常把宾语放在宾语补足语后，动词短语或从句，这时常把宾语放在宾语补足语后，用用it代替它的原位置，这代替它的原位置，这it叫形式宾语，而放在宾语补足语叫形式宾语，而放在宾语补足语后的宾语叫真宾语。后的宾语叫真宾语。I think it important to study hard.宾语的位置宾语的位置:1.一般位于及物动词之后。一般位于及物动词之后。I like you.2.介词宾语位于介词之后。介词宾语位于介词之后。He is fond of music.3.双宾语的位置：双宾语的位置：(1)一般是一般是“间接宾语间接

12、宾语(人人)+直接宾语直接宾语(物物)”或者或者“直接宾语直接宾语介词介词(to或或for)+间接宾语间接宾语”。(2)接双宾语用介词接双宾语用介词to的常见动词：的常见动词：bring,give,lend,offer,pass,pay,sell,send,show,take,write等。等。Would you mind lending me a book?I-Would you mind lending a book to me?(3)接双宾语用介词接双宾语用介词for的常见动词：的常见动词：buy,fetch,find,get,keep,make,order等。等。My mother b

13、ought me a new coat yesterday.-My mother bought a new coat for me yesterday.(4)双宾语中一个是名词，一个是代词，一般是代词在前名双宾语中一个是名词，一个是代词，一般是代词在前名词在后；如都是代词，通常是直接宾语在前，间接宾语在词在后；如都是代词，通常是直接宾语在前，间接宾语在后。后。Ill give them to my sister.Ill give it to her.4.形式宾语与真宾语的位置：形式宾语与真宾语的位置：.it+宾语补足语宾语补足语+真宾语。真宾语。We think it wrong that y

14、ou told a lie.5.动词副词的宾语位：动词副词的宾语位：(1)如宾语是名词，放在副词前后均可。如宾语是名词，放在副词前后均可。(2)如宾语是代词，如宾语是代词，只能放在副词之前。只能放在副词之前。Turn the lights on.Turn on the lights.Turn them on.练习选出句中的宾语1.My brother hasnt done his homework.2.People all over the world speak English.3.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.4.How

15、 many nea words did you learn last class?5.The ola man sittting at the gate said he was ill.6.You will find it useful after you leave school.7.They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.作业：写出五个句子并标示出宾语。作业：写出五个句子并标示出宾语。四四、表语、表语表语是表述主语的特征、状态或身份等。表语位于连系动表语是表述主语的特征、状态或身份等。表语位于连系动词之后，二者构成系表结构，即合成谓语词之

16、后，二者构成系表结构，即合成谓语.表语由名词、表语由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或句子等充当。形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词、短语或句子等充当。Her brother is a driver.(名词名词)Are you ready?(形容词形容词)We were at home last night.(介词短语介词短语)This book is mine,not yours.(代词代词)Four and four is eight.(数词数词)The film is exciting.(现在分词现在分词)The cup is broken.(过去分词过去分词)Our task i

17、s studying.(动名词动名词)I seem to have caught a cold.(动词不定式动词不定式).The problem is how we can finish the work.(从句从句)(表表语从句语从句)练习选出句中的表语1.The old man is feeling very tired.2.The leaves turned yellow.3.She was the first to learn about it.4.Time is money.5.The first step is the hardest.6.Tomorrow is another d

18、ay.作业：写出五个句子并标示出表语作业：写出五个句子并标示出表语复习五大基本句型1.S+V+P 主语+系动词+表语2.S+V 主语+谓语（+状语）3.S+V+O 主语+谓语+宾语4.S+V+IO+DO 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾5.S+V+O+OC 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补1.S（主）+Vi（不及物动词）（谓）+状语Time flies.(主语+谓语）Birds sing beautifully.（主语+谓语+状语）They arrived yesterday.He slept in class last week.They had to travel by boat.He runs in the

19、 park.Lets stop to have a rest.s+v 各种时态Tom always studies hard.The car stops.He came.We are talking.He was crying.We have studied in NO.1 middle school for 3 years .作业：翻译下面句子1他站在那里冲着我微笑。（他站在那里冲着我微笑。（stand）2.月亮升起了。月亮升起了。(rise)3.我们勤奋学习。我们勤奋学习。(study)4.五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。(live)5.会议将持续会议将持续3个小时。个小时。(last

20、)6.飞机很快要起飞了。（飞机很快要起飞了。（take off)7.我听说他已经回来了？我听说他已经回来了？8.他跑的很快。他跑的很快。(so as to)9.他起床很早以便赶上早班车。（他起床很早以便赶上早班车。（get up,so.that)10.他们日夜不停的工作。他们日夜不停的工作。(work,day and night.)1.he stood there smiling at me.2.The moob has risen.3.we study hard.4.I lived in beijing 5years ago.5.The meeting will last 3hours.6.

21、The plane will take off soon.7.I hear that he has come back.8.He runs fast.9.He got up early so as to catch the first bus so early that he caught the first bus.10.They worked day and night2.S(主）+Vt（不及物动词)（谓）+O（宾）S（主）+Vi（不及物动词）+介词+O（宾）I like music.（主语+谓语+宾语）She want to help him.I dont know what to do

22、.（主语+谓语+宾语）Lily enjoys living here.I ll call on my teacher next day.（主+谓+宾+状）Please turn off the light.l heard from her last week.we are looking forward to your coming.He is famous for his pop music.（主+谓+宾）作业：翻译下面句子1她决定放弃它。(decide)2.他几乎不知道怎么写作文(know,composition.)3我进去时，Lily正在浇花。（water)4.她教英语生动且有趣。5.他

23、进入房间去找他的铅笔盒。(enter)6.我们以你快速的进步为骄傲。（take pride in)7.你愿意参见这个聚会吗?(take part in)8.我不在乎他们说什么。(care)9.熟能生巧10.条条大路通罗马。1.She decided to give it up.2.He hardly knew how to write a composition.3.Lily was watering the flowers,when I came in.4.She teaches English lively and interestingly.5.He erntered the room

24、to look for his pencil box6.we take pride in your rapid progress7.would you like to take part in the party.8.I dont care what they said.9.Practice makes perfect.10.All roads lead to Rome.3.S(主)+V(谓)(lv)(系动词）+P（表）主系表结构是基本句型之一，句型的中心动词称为系动词，主系表结构是基本句型之一，句型的中心动词称为系动词，最为典型的系动词是最为典型的系动词是Be动词。系动词不能独立作谓语。后动

25、词。系动词不能独立作谓语。后面必须加上表语，只有这样，句子才完整。要理解主系表，面必须加上表语，只有这样，句子才完整。要理解主系表，关键在于识别系动词。关键在于识别系动词。系动词：系动词：亦称连系动词（亦称连系动词（Link VerbLink Verb）。作为系动词，它本）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。（常见的。（常见的系动词，系动词，be,remain,stay,lie,stand,keep,seem,be,remain,st

26、ay,lie,stand,keep,seem,apear,look,feel,sound,taste,become,grow,turn,fall,apear,look,feel,sound,taste,become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,runget,go,come,run)表语用来修饰主语，说明主语的身份，性质，特征或状态，表语用来修饰主语，说明主语的身份，性质，特征或状态，谓语系动词之后，通常由名词，形容词充当。此外，代词，谓语系动词之后，通常由名词，形容词充当。此外，代词，副词，数词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句也副词，数词，介词短语，不定式，动名

27、词，分词，从句也能充当表语。能充当表语。We are Chinese.(主语+系动词+表语）He is a boy.She is beautiful.He is in good health.The film is interesting.This matter rests a mystery.He seems (to be)very sad.The rose smells sweet.The idea sounds interesting.Leaves turn brown in autumn.(主+系动词+表+状）作业翻译下面的句子作业翻译下面的句子1.他的梦想实现了。他的梦想实现了。（c

28、ome ture)2.他好像很匆忙的样子。他好像很匆忙的样子。(seem)3.我祖母头发变白了。我祖母头发变白了。(turn)4.约翰成了一名好老师。约翰成了一名好老师。(become)5.别喝这牛奶，它已经变酸了。别喝这牛奶，它已经变酸了。(turn)6.今天是个好天气。今天是个好天气。(look)7.这汤闻起来很香。这汤闻起来很香。(smell)8.足球是我最喜欢的运动。足球是我最喜欢的运动。(be)1.His dream came ture.2.He seems to be in a hurry.3.My grandmas hair is turning grey.4.John became a good teacher.5.Dont drink the milk.It has turned sour.6.It looks a fine day.7.The soup smells good/delicious.8.Football is my favourite sport.谢谢观赏WPS OfficeMake Presentation much more funWPS官方微博kingsoftwps