2021-2022学年高中英语语法专题9动词教案(含解析)新人教版必修1.docx

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1、九、动词动词的根本形式绝大多数动词都有五种根本形式:动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词 和现在分词。一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词后要加S或es,其变化规那么与名词变更数 的方法大体一样:规那么动词变化表原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现在分词/动名词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds, x, ch, sh, o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾yf i, +es+ingyf i, +ed重读闭音节 一元一铺结尾+s双写辅音字 母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e, +ing+die结尾+sief y, +ing+d不规那么动词变化表

2、助动词have的五种形式:类别肯定否定缩略否定原形havehave nothaven t(主语)ve(主语)ve not现在式第三称hashas nothasn t单数(主语)s(主语)s not过去式hadhad nothadn t(主语)d(主语)d not现在分词havingnot having无过去分词had无.助动词do的用法:构造助动词do三种形式帮助构成实意动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问式和否认式:类别肯定否定缁略否定原形dodo notdont现在式第三称单数doesdoes notdoesn31过去式diddid notnot didnt如:Do you know John

3、?你认识约翰吗?Mary didnt come to see me yesterday.玛丽昨天没来看我。You 1 ike this picture, dont you?你喜欢这张画,不是吗?代替前面已经提到过的动词,防止重复:如:一Do you smoke?你抽烟吗?Yes, I do是的,我抽。I moke. So does he.我抽烟。他也抽。He doesnt like it. Neither do I.他不喜欢,我也不。 帮助加强谓语动词的语气,该do、does或did要重读;did加强过去时谓语动词语气时, 这个谓语动词要用原形。如:1 do like you.我真的喜欢你。S

4、he/He does like you.他确实喜欢你。She/They/We did go swimming yesterday.她/他们/我们昨天确实去游泳了。另外:如果谓语中有助动词或情态动词,要加强语气时就能用do的各种形式来强调,一 股方法是把需要强调的词全用大写字母来书写。般祈使句前面加助动词do构成肯定的强语势祈使句,末尾加感慨号。第二人称祈使句强调语气有两种其它形式:a.用 never 代替 don* t.b.主语you不省略或不加呼语。如:Find yourself someone else to shout at.你跟别人喊去!c.当谓语动词前有否认意义的副词(never,

5、seldom, hardly, rarely, scarce等)时,起强 调作用的助动词(do, does, did)要加在该动词前面而不是加在副词的前面。如:He seldom does come late.他确实极少迟到。d.注意:be, have, do都能做实意动词用:如:These arc computers.这些是计算机。Were having breakfast.饿们正在吃早饭。I did some washing last night.我昨晚洗了衣服。构成否认祈使句,说明:构成否认祈使句只用do,不用did和does。如:Dont go there.不要去那里。Donf t b

6、e so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。用于倒装句。如:Never did I hear of such a thing.我从未听说过这样的事情。说明:引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, 1 ittle, only, so, well等。3 .助动词shall和will的用法: 助动词shall/will构成一般将来时;should/would构成过去将来时。如:We shall/will be rich, if we succeed.我们将很富有,如果我们成功的话。They will be rich, if they succeed.他们将很富

7、有,如果他们成功的话。They said they would be rich, if they succeeded.他们说他们将很富有,如果他们成功 的话。shall用在第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,来征求意见,表示“要不要”。如:Shall I go now?要我现在就走吗?Shall the reporters wait outside or what?要记者们在外面等还是怎样?shall用于所有人称,表示说话人的决心、保证、许诺、威胁、警告、命令等强烈的感 情。如:You shall have an answer by tomorrow.到了明天,你会得到答复的。The enemy s

8、hall not pass.决不允许敌人过去。The ceremony shall not be postponed/put off.仪式不会推迟的。would可以表示过去的习惯,类似used to如:He wouId come to see me on Sunday when he was here.他这里的时候,星期天就来 看我。wil可以表示“愿意、肯、会、固执”等意义,而非将来如:1 will pay you for it.我会付给你钱买下它的。will可以表示倾向、习惯(总是会,老是等意思),在否认句中可以表示不肯、不能 等意思:如:Boys will be boys.男孩子总归是男

9、孩子。Oil and water wi ll not mix.油和水是不会混合在一起的。This machine won t work.这台机器不工作了坏了。These things will happen.这样的事情总是会发生的。5再论助动词1. be have和do (主要的助动词) 在否认句和疑问句中,be与do的用法遵从助动词的以下规那么: 否认句中,助动词+not如:He isnt coming.他不来了。It did not matter.没关系。 疑问句中,主语+助动词如:Was he waiting?他当时在等吗?Does she see us?她看到我们了吗?have在疑问句

10、及否认句中的位置一般与助动词一样如:Has he (got ) to go?他一定得走吗?但有时也用do/did形式如:Does he have to go?他一定得走吗?be与带to的动词不定式连用如:They are to wait for us at the station.将在车站等我们。have后也可接带to的动词不定式,但有两种构造除外。do与不带to的不定式(即动词原 形)连用:如:Did he write?他写信了吗? be have和do作助动词使用时,需要带分词或不定式,但在答句或评语等中常省略。如:一Have you seen t-你看见了吗?Yes, I have (s

11、een it)一是的,(我看见了)。在be, have和do作普通动词使用而有自己本身的意思,如have有“拥有的意思、do 有“干/从事”的意思等时,它们只能是句子中唯一的动词:如:He is lazy.他很懒惰。He has no job.他没有工作。He does nothing.他什么事也不干。在这种情况下,do与助动词do/did连用:如:What do you do in the evening?你一般晚上做什么?have可以用两种方法进展变化,即用助动词do/did或不用:如:Have you (got) time?/Do you have time?你有空吗?2. can, c

12、ould, may, might, must, ought, will, would, shall 和 should 是情态动词,也称 情态助动词。情态动词的第三人称单数后不加s如:Imust我必须he must他必须I can我可以he can他可以它们在构成否认形式和疑问形式时均遵循助动词的规那么eg. will not ought notwill he?bught he. ? 它们没有真正的过去时态。情态动词有四种过去形式,即could, might, should和would, 但用途有限。情态动词没有不定式或分词形式,所以不能用于进展时态。 除。ught之外其他情态动词后一律跟不带t

13、o的动词不定式(即动词原形)如:You should pay. /You ought to pay.你应该付钱。情态动词后面应带动词原形(而非分词等),但有时该动词可省略;如:一Can you understand? -你明白吗?一Yes, I can (understand)-是的 3 我明白)。3. need, dare和used (半情态动词)当need和dare作助动词时,可遵循情态动词的句式,后面跟不带to的动词不定式 如:He need not wait.他不用等。但也可与do/did形式连用,这时后面要接带to的动词不定式:如:He doesn,t dare to interru

14、pt.他不敢插嘴。They didn,t need to wait.他们不需要等。注意:need和dare也可作普通动词用,有词形变化,并可与分词连用:如:He needs help.他需要帮助。They dared me to jurmp.他们激将我,要我跳下去。used有时说成used t。,只指过去的事。它的否认式和疑问式常常遵循助动词的规那么 如:1 used not/usedn* t to go.我一向不去。虽然严格来讲used不带不定式,但经常可以听到didn* t use to和did he/she等+use to? 的形式。6分析助动词和情态动词的异同L 一样点: 都可构成疑问

15、句,并且都能用在肯定或否认的简单式答复中。 如:Was the car going beyond the speed limit?车是否在超速行驶?Yes. it was.是的,在超速行驶。 都可与not连用构成否认句。如:At first, it didn, t sell very well.初,它的销路不好。 都能构成反意疑问句。如:You didnt let me drive, did you?你没有让我开车,对吗? 都可以在so或neither (nor)句型中,代替前面的动词(短语引如:You canI do it, nor can I, nor can anybody else。不

16、能那样做,我也不能,任何 人都不能。2.不同点谓语中只能有一个情态动词,但可有多个助动词。如:He was being trained to be a doctor.他时正承受培训,要成为一名医生。情态动词情态动词是表示能力、义务、必须、猜想等说话人的语气或情态的动词。1can1 .表能力:can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。如:I can climb this pole.我能爬这根杆子。He is only four , but he can read.他只有 4 岁,但已认得字了。Fire can, t destroy gold.火烧不毁金子。因为can不能和其

17、他助动词连用,所以表示将来式时用哨】be able to如:You wi11 be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.你 练习两三次后就会溜冰了。2 .表可能性:多用于否认与疑问构造中,但也可用在肯定句中。如:Can the news be true?这消息可能是真的吗?It can t be true.它不可能是真的。What can he possibly mean?他可能是什么意思?can用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。如:A horse in the center of London

18、can cost a lot of money.Attending the ball can be very exciting.The road can be blocked.这条路可能会不通的。may在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。The road may be blocked.这条路可能不通 了。3 .表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。如:Can (May) I come in ?我能进来吗?Can I smoke here ?我可以在这里抽烟吗?2could的用法1 .表过去的可能和许可,(多用于间接引语中) 如:At that time we thought the story co

19、uld notbe true.那时我们认为所说的事不可 能是真的。Father said 1 could swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。2 .表过去的能力 如:I could swim when I was only six.我刚六岁就能游泳。Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时,常表抽象的一般的能力。He could be very naughty when he was achiId.他小时候会是很顽皮的。3 .表“允许。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法Could I use your bike?Yes, you can.I* m afraid I coul

20、dn, t give you an answer today.恐怕我今天不能答复你。The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.教师说你可以去商店买糖。4 . Could/can+have done构造表示对过去发生的事情的疑心或不肯定。could加 完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。如:Can they have won the basketbal 1 match?他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.你刚刚所

21、谈到的可能令他 很伤心。You could have completed the task a little earlier.你本来能早点完成任务的。(但事 实上并没有提前完成任务)I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本可以轻易通过考试,但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。如表具体做某一件事的能力时,那么须用be able to.He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.他可以不用词典翻译那篇 文章。Can表

22、示一贯的能力,be able t。表示客观能力和通过努力可以到达的能力I can, t swim. But I am sure I will be ableto swim through more practicing.The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out.When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank.3may的用法1 .表示请求、可以、允许。如:You may drive the tractor.你可以开那台拖拉机。2 .当答复由may引起

23、的问题时,否认答语要用must not,表示“不许可”不应该”不 行。如:May I come in?Yes, you may.No,you can tNo, you may not .No , you mustn, tNo , you* d better not.3. may /might推测性用法可能如:He may be right.He may not come today (可能不)He may /might come tomorrow.注意:只用于肯定和否认句中,不用于疑问句中。4. might比may可能性更小如:He might get a job.He may get a j

24、ob.5. may no可能不 can not不可能如:He may not comeHe can t come表建议(可和as well连用)如:You may (might) as well stay where you are.你还是原地待着好。(may as well 有 “还是的好”的含义)表祝愿如:May you be happy!4 4. might.表过去的“可能和允许”多用于间接引语。如:She said that he might take her dictionary.她说他可以拿她的词典去用。除在间接引语中外,might一般不表示过去的“可能”与许可”。表过去的“可能”

25、可用 could,表过去的许可可用 were (was) al lowed to。1 .表现在的“可能,其可能性要比may小。如:Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock,电熨斗- 会有危险,它可能电着人。2 . may (might) + have +done表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“想必、”也许是”的 意思0如:It may have been true.这事也许是真的。He might not have settled the question.他可能尚未解决那个问题。5must的主要

26、用法1. 表示必须、必要如:We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。如:Why must you always bother me?为什么你偏要打搅我呢。2. must be +表语的构造,通常表示猜想,含有一定之意。(只用在肯定句中)如:He must be an honest boy.他一定是个老实的男孩。This must bo your room.这一定是你的房间。3. must的否认式有两个:当答复由must引起的问题时,否认答复要用needn t或dont have to表示不必、“无须、“用不着、不一定的意义。当表示“

27、不应该”、“不许可、制止”时,就用must noto如:Must I go tomorrow?原形过去式过去分词原形过去式过去分词be (am, is)wasbeenfallfellfallenbe (are)werebeenfeelfeltfeltbeatbeatbeatenfindfoundfoundbecomebecamebecomeflyflewflownbeginbeganbegunforgetforgotforgot/forgblowblewblownfreezefrozefrozenbreakbrokebrokengetgotgotbringbroughtbroughtgiveg

28、avegivenbuildbuiltbuiltgowentgonebuyboughtboughtgrowgrewgrowncancouldhanghung/hangedhung/hangedcatchcaughtcaughthave(has)hadhadchoosechosechosenhearheardheardcomecamecomehi dehidhiddencostcostcosthithithitcutcutcutholdheldhelddigdugdughurthurthurtdodiddonekeepkeptkeptdrawdrewdrawnknowknewknowndrinkd

29、rankdrunklaylaidlaiddrivedrovedrivenlearnlearnt/Iearlearnt/Ieareatateeatenleaveleftleft系动词1概念及特点连系动词,即系动词,是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须后接表语通常为名词或形容词。明天我必须去吗?Yes, please.是的,请吧!No , you needn* t.不,你不必去。4. must+have+过去分词的构造,常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“一 定、”准是的意思。否认和疑问句用can。如:She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过

30、英语。5. have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to比拟强调客观需要,must着重说明主 观看法。如:I must clean the room.(主观想法)I have to clean the room.(客观需要)另外,have to能用于更多时态:如:We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。We will have to reconsider the whole thing.这一*切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。have to的否认式:don t have to do表示不必做之意。6ought to的用法1. Ought to后接动

31、词原形,表义务,但不及must那样具有信心如:You don, t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.你气色不好,应该去看 病。2. Ought to用于否认句,其否认形式可缩略为oughtnt如:You oughtn, t to smoke so much.你不应该抽这么多烟。3. Ought to也可以用于疑问句如:Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗?4. Ought to在间接引语中表过去时形式不变如:He said you ought to tell the police.他说你应该去报告警察

32、。7shall的用法1 .用于第一人称征求对方的意见如:What shall I wear on the journey?我路上穿什么好呢?Shall wc dance?我们跳舞好吗?2 . shall用于第二、三人称时表允诺,警告,命令,威胁(现已少见) 如:She shall get her share.她可以得到她的一份。You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。8 should情态动词should 一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式,主要用法有:1 .用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿,但语气较委婉温和如:What should we

33、do now?我们现在该怎么办?2 .表示应该、必须,常与must换用。如:We should (must) master a foreign languageat least.我们应当至少掌握一门外语。3 . “should+be+表语”的构造,表示推测或惊奇。如:They should be back by now.他们现在应该回来了吧。i am sorry that she should be so careless.我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。4 .“should+have+过去分词”的构造,表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为;其否认 那么表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义构造“ou

34、ght to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早 应该“本当”之意,语气较强。如:I should have thought of that.这一点我是应当想到的。(但没想到)They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。(但已走了)5 .在“ It is natural (strange, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, importcint) that句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示理所当然 “奇 怪”“必要 ”惊异等的意思。在lest (以免)、for fea

35、r (that)(以防)、in case (以 备万一)等之后也要用 should+动词原形;在 advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等 的从句中should+do如:It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。 It is strange that he should say so.他会说这样的话真是奇怪。Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.我们马上走吧,以免赶不上 火车。9will和wo

36、uld的用法1 .表示意志,决心或愿望。如:Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace. 我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。He would not let me try it .他不肯让我去试。2 . will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性,would表示过去的习惯行为。如:He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.他会经常一连 几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。He would come to

37、see me when he was in Beijing.他在北京时,常来看望我。3 .用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中,表示对对方的请求,would的语气比will委碗如:Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station?请问到火车站怎么走?4 .表可能性如:This will be the book you arc looking for.这可能就是你要找的书。She wou 1 d he about 6() when she died.他死时大概 60 岁。10need和dare的用法情态动词need实又动词need现在时You ne

38、ed (not) doYou(don t)need to doHe need(not)doHe needs (doesn, t need)to do过去式/You needed(didnJ t need)to doHe needed (di dn, t need) to do将来时You need(not)doYou will (not)need to doHe need(not)doHe will(not)need to do情态动词dare实义动词dareneednt have ved表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必要。肯定句现在时dareto少用dare/dares to

39、do过去式dare to少用dared to do否iE句现在时daren3 t/dare not dodo/does not dare(to)do过去式dared not dodid not dare(to)do疑问句现在时Dare he do?Do you/Does he dear(to)do?过去式Dared he do?Did he dare(to)do如:You neednt have waken me up; I dont have to go to work today.11表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句He must/may be in the room, isn* t he

40、?He can* t be in the room, is he?He must have finished the work, hasn* t he?He may have done the work last night, didn* t he?12情态动词+行为动词进展式情态动词+行为动词进展式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在 是否正在进展。如:He must be playing basketball in the room.She may be staying at home.13情态动词+行为动词完成进展式情态动词+行为动词完成进展式(即情态动词

41、+ have been + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论 过去某动作是否正在进展或一直在进展。如:They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.14used to +v, be used to +v-ing 和 be used to +v1. used to +v意为“过去常常”,过去一直”;be used to +v-ing/ n (名词)意为“习惯于”;be used to +v

42、意为“被用来(做某事)“。2. used lo只表示过去,而be used to +v-ing / n可表示现在、过去或将来。如:He used to smoke. Now he doesn t.He s quite used to hard work /working hard.The knife is used to cut bread.用作情态动词的其他短语would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, hadbetter, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well

43、等可用作情态动词。如:The soldier would sooner die than surrender.The brave soldi er wou1d as soon dieas yield to such an enemy.If d rather walk than take a bus.If you do* t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.这些短语后般直接跟动词原形。wou 1 d (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that引导的从句,

44、that常省去,从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设 用过去时,对过去的假设用过去完成时。如:I would rather you came on Sunday.I would sooner you hadn t asked me to speak yesterday.连系动词的功能主要是把表语(名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句)和它 的主语联系在起,说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义,不能在句 中独立作谓语,必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它是虚词。2系动词分类1 .状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词。如:He is a teacher.他是一名

45、教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。).持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。如:He always kept si lent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。2 .表像系动词:用来表示“看起来像“这一概念,主要有seem, appear, looko如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。3 .感官系动词:主要有 feel, sme 11, sound, taste如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。4 .变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn fal( asleep), get,go,come, run0如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。5 .终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out,表

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