四六级英语写作总结.ppt

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1、英语写作英语写作目前的命题形式和出题方式目前的命题形式和出题方式三段式作文的篇章布局三段式作文的篇章布局段落展开方法：时间顺序段落展开方法：时间顺序举例法举例法因果法因果法对比对照法对比对照法方法类方法类描述文：人物描写描述文：人物描写图表式写作：描述议论图表式写作：描述议论四、六级作文更强调考查学生的语言四、六级作文更强调考查学生的语言表达能力，而不是就某一个话题是否表达能力，而不是就某一个话题是否有独到的见解。有独到的见解。命题形式和出题方式命题形式和出题方式主主要要是是提提纲纲式式作作文文（约约占占题题目目总总数数的的70），其其次次是是图图表表式式作作文文（约约占占16），还还有有少少

2、量量其其他他形形式式的的作作文文（如如书书信信，给给出出题题目目和和提提示示的的作作文等，约占文等，约占14）。）。图表式作文是六级和研究生入学考试中写作部图表式作文是六级和研究生入学考试中写作部分出现频率较高的写作方式，也是考查考生最分出现频率较高的写作方式，也是考查考生最基本的分析问题、说明问题和英语表达能力的基本的分析问题、说明问题和英语表达能力的一种题型。一种题型。TypesofWritingDescriptionNarrationExpositionArgumentation1989.1.TheTapeRecorder1993.6.MyFavoriteProgram1994.6.My

3、IdealJob1994.6.（六级）（六级）TheCareerIPursue说明文说明文2004.1.ABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttraction 描述文描述文2003.6.An Eye-Witness Account of aTrafficAccident2003.9.TheDayMyClassmateFellIll(orGotInjured)记叙文记叙文内容和题材内容和题材就内容和题材而言，历年来的作文内就内容和题材而言，历年来的作文内容主要偏重于工作，就业，学习和日容主要偏重于工作，就业，学习和日常生活，交通，及社会热门话题等方常生活，交通，及社会热门话

4、题等方面。面。IntroductoryparagraphBody paragraphConcluding paragraphIntroductoryparagraphrousethereadersinterestsfromwhatpointtostartinwhatdirectiontogoBeginning1.通过问题引入主题：通过问题引入主题：Doyoueverthinkyouhavetopaythetuitionandfeesyourself?2.通过谚语或名人名言引入主题：通过谚语或名人名言引入主题：Asoneproverbsays,“Morehaste,lessspeed.”3.通过

5、数据引入主题：通过数据引入主题：Thenumberofstudentsenrolledincollegesanduniversitieswas0.2millionandroseto1.2millionin1998.4.通过定义引入主题：通过定义引入主题：LuckynumbersarenumberswhichsoundlikesomeChinesecharactersmeaninggoodfortune.Forexample,8isassociatedwithwealthorfortunemaking.5.以对照方式引入主题：以对照方式引入主题：Itsgenerallybelievedthats

6、tressissomethingunpleasant,butitisinconceivablethatanyoneshouldhavenostressatall.BeginningBody paragraph Developthemainpointsofthecompositionbygivingsupporttothemainideainthethesis.Body是首段的延伸，是短文的主体部分。扩展是首段的延伸，是短文的主体部分。扩展段内部各要点之间，通常需要过渡词的连段内部各要点之间，通常需要过渡词的连接。接。避避免免写写出出与与主主题题句句不不相相关关的的句句子子。段段落落的的每每个个

7、句句子子都都必必须须紧紧紧紧围围绕绕主主题题句句展展开开，任任何何一一句句偏偏离离主主题题的的句句子子都将大大破坏段落的统一性和完整性。都将大大破坏段落的统一性和完整性。正正确确使使用用过过渡渡性性词词语语，使使段段落落各各扩扩展展句句之之间间、扩扩展展句句与与主主题题句句之之间间具具有有逻逻辑辑上上的的连连贯贯性性。过过渡渡词词即即起起承承、启启、转转、接接作作用用的的连连接接性性词词语语，这这些些词词语语不不仅仅能能强强化化细细节节间间的的逻逻辑辑关关联联性性，还还能能使使一一个个本本来来结结构构松松散散凌凌乱乱的段落变得通顺、连贯、紧凑。的段落变得通顺、连贯、紧凑。避免句式的趋同单一，尽

8、量变换句型，混合使用简单避免句式的趋同单一，尽量变换句型，混合使用简单句、并列句和复合句。四、六级写作除了要求语言表句、并列句和复合句。四、六级写作除了要求语言表达的正确无误、句子合乎语法外，还对表达的灵活性、达的正确无误、句子合乎语法外，还对表达的灵活性、多样性和习惯性提出了一定的要求。多样性和习惯性提出了一定的要求。Concluding paragraphDont leave your readers hanging.Beshortandforceful.Bemadeupmainlyofrestatementsorsummariesofthepointsthathavebeendiscus

9、sed.Nonewideasshouldbeintroduced.结论段结论段与与主主题题段段遥遥相相呼呼应应，应应照照应应、深深化化主主题题，综合概括全文。综合概括全文。把把握握主主题题句句的的关关键键词词，但但不不用用与与主主题题句句相相同的句式。同的句式。表述与主题句一致的内容，但必须从某个表述与主题句一致的内容，但必须从某个角度对主题句进行深化；或回答主题句中角度对主题句进行深化；或回答主题句中所暗示的问题，或提出自己的建议，或表所暗示的问题，或提出自己的建议，或表述自己的观点，或进一步提出问题发人深述自己的观点，或进一步提出问题发人深省。省。1.提问终结法：提问终结法：Butwith

10、theproblemofpopulationexplosionbecomingmoreandmoreserious,onlytimecantellwhetherthisgaininhealthisablessingorcurse.2.谚语格言终结法：谚语格言终结法：Therefore,whateverwedo,wemustkeepinmind:Diligenceisthemotherofgoodfortune.Ending3.综合概括终结法：综合概括终结法：Inaword,aslongasgovernmentandconsumersacthandinhand,fakeandinferiorgo

11、odswillfindnowayintothemarket.4.建议忠告终结法：建议忠告终结法：Thesecretofcopingwithstressisnottoavoiditbuttodowhatyouliketodoandwhatyouweremadetodo,atyourownrate.5.观点评论终结法：观点评论终结法：Inmyopinion,buildingundergroundrailwaysisbetterthanopeningmorebusroutes.EndingBeginningBody过渡词过渡词BodyEnding过渡句过渡句过渡句过渡句过渡句过渡句过渡句过渡句Typ

12、esofWritingDescriptionNarrationExpositionArgumentation段落展开段落展开主题句主题句主题句主题句扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句扩展句结论句结论句总总分分总总一般来说，英语是一个段落一个核心，或一般来说，英语是一个段落一个核心，或者说一个段落只能有一个中心思想，各段者说一个段落只能有一个中心思想，各段各句要围绕这一中心思想展开或铺叙，凡各句要围绕这一中心思想展开或铺叙，凡是与中心思想无关的句子都不能出现在段是与中心思想无关的句子都不能出现在段落中。落中。一致性原则一致性原则WatchingTVhasbecomeaverycommonactivi

13、tyineveryfamily.Ithasbecomeanecessitytosomemodernyoungpeople.Anditisalsoaneasywaytofritterawayretiredpeoplestime.Bywatchingnewsreport,peoplecanknowrecentsocialeventsandimportantaffairsofhomelandandtheworld,orareattractedbyaTVplay.However,watchingTVcannottakeplaceofreadingandoutdoorsactivities.Butinb

14、rief,watchingTVhasalreadybeenapartofmodernlife.段落展开方法段落展开方法ParagraphDevelopmentbyExample2003.12.ALetterinReplytoaFriend1.建议报考的专业及理由建议报考的专业及理由2.报考该专业的基本条件报考该专业的基本条件3.应当如何备考应当如何备考报考该专业的基本条件报考该专业的基本条件InordertostudyattheEnglishDepartment,youhavetomeetthefollowingrequirements.Inthefirstplace,youhavetospe

15、ndalotoftimeonit,justastheoldsayinggoes,“Practicemakesperfect”.Inthesecondplace,thebasicskillsofreading,writing,listeningandspeakingarenecessary,becausetheyarethefoundationsforyourfuturestudy.Lastbutnotheleastimportant,youneedanintenseinterestinlearningEnglishsince“interestisthebestteacher”.应当如何备考应当

16、如何备考Asfarasthepreparationworkisconcerned,youshouldfirstofallreviewalltherequiredvocabulary.Inaddition,youdbetterspendsometimeonreadingandwriting.Onlythroughthesemeasurescanyouhopetoenrollinouruniversity.2006.6.StudentsSelectingTheirLectures1.有有些些大大学学允允许许学学生生自自由由选选择择某某些课程的任课教师些课程的任课教师2.学学生生选选择择教教师师时时

17、所所考考虑虑的的只只要要因素因素3.学学生生自自选选任任课课教教师师的的益益处处和和可可能产生的问题能产生的问题UnityUnityParagraph Development by Cause and EffectPeople go to collegetoacquireknowledgetobeindependenttogethandsomesalarytomakeparentsproudofmetobringhonortothefamilynametowinhonorfortheancestorstogetpromotedquicklytobewellofftohaveabrightfut

18、uretogetafavoritejobanecessityStudentsstudyEnglishfordifferentreasons.ThefirstreasonisthatstudentsmayneedEnglishtoreadarticlesandtextbooksabouttheirsubjectinEnglish.ThesecondreasonisthatmanystudentsstudyEnglishbecausetheyhaveto!Englishispartofschoolcurriculum.Anotherreasonisthattheyareattractedbyfor

19、eignculture.TheyarestudyingEnglishhardtoknowmoreabouttheEnglish-speakingpeopleandcountries.ThelastpossibilityisthatagoodknowledgeofEnglishwillhelpstudentsgetabetterjobwhentheygraduatefromtheuniversity.Useful Expressions1.Thereasons,inmymind,canbesummedupinthreerespects.Firstofall,.Inthesecondplace,.

20、Lastbutnottheleast,.2.Threereasons,inmymind,canaccountforthissocialphenomenon.Firstandforemost,.Inthesecondplace,.Lparison and contrastcomparison常指为了找出两种或多种事物常指为了找出两种或多种事物或现象的或现象的相同之处相同之处而进行比较而进行比较contrast着重指着重指“通过两种或多种事物或通过两种或多种事物或现象的对比，现象的对比，突出地指出它们的突出地指出它们的不同之处不同之处”differencesdifferencessimilarit

21、iesthreepatternsthroughillustrationstoshowhowthingsaredifferenttodiscusssimilaritiesonlytotreatbothlikenessesanddifferences块式块式objectbyobject条式条式pointbypointTopicsentenceObjectA-Point1-Point2-Point3ObjectB-Point1-Point2-Point3ConclusionTopicsentenceObjectA-Point1ObjectB-Point1ObjectA-Point2ObjectB-P

22、oint2ObjectA-Point3ObjectB-Point3ConclusionComparedwithcars,bicyclesaresuperiorinmanyways.First,theyarecheap,convenientandeasytoride.Second,ridingbicycleisgoodforhealth.Third,theybringnonoisenorairpollution.Thoughcarsarefasterandmorecomfortable,theyaretooexpensive.Theyconsumeplentyofoilandtheypollut

23、etheair.Sometimes,itisdifficultforadrivertoparkhiscar.Moreovertheyoftencausetrafficjamsandaccidents.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofNowadays,withthedevelopmentofinformationindustry,cellphoneplaysadominantroleinpeopleslife.Butlikeeverythingelse,ithasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects.引出主题引出主题Advantages1.Itse

24、asyandhandytocarryitwhereveryougoandcallothersatanytime.2.Convenient.3.Sendshortmessages.Disadvantages1.Leadtosomehealthproblemsifyouusetoofrequently.2.Receivesomenegativeinformation.3.Noisy.Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesofcellphonefaroutweighitsdisadvantages.AndIbelievethatcellphonewillfaceabrigh

25、terfutureinitsdevelopment.AdvantagesandDisadvantagesof第一段第一段引言引言简述标题中涉及的某一现象简述标题中涉及的某一现象第三段第三段缺点缺点以对比关联词引出该现象的缺点以对比关联词引出该现象的缺点第四段第四段我的观点我的观点权衡利弊，谈谈自己的观点权衡利弊，谈谈自己的观点第二段第二段优点优点列举该现象的优点列举该现象的优点AorBDevelopingEconomy or Protecting the Environment?Some people think that the urgent task is to develop econo

26、my on a large scale.First,Second,On the other hand,many people insist that environmental protection should be a top problem.First,Second,Inmyopinion,botheconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalprotectionareoururgenttasksnow.Frommyviewpoint,weshouldtakealleffectivemeasurestobothdevelopoureconomyandprotect

27、ourenvironment.A or B引言：简述标题中涉及的现象引言：简述标题中涉及的现象A观点的理由或优缺点观点的理由或优缺点B观点的理由或优缺点观点的理由或优缺点自己的态度并简述理由自己的态度并简述理由ShouldPrivateCarsBeEncouragedinChina?ForAgainst1.有人认为小轿车给人们带来有人认为小轿车给人们带来方便和舒适；方便和舒适；2.有人认为小轿车带来交通和有人认为小轿车带来交通和污染问题；污染问题；3.你的结论。你的结论。Writing ModelWriting ModelMy View onMy View on事物性质事物性质1.现在大学生读

28、双学位的现象很常见现在大学生读双学位的现象很常见2.我对这一现象的看法我对这一现象的看法MyViewonDoubleBADegreeRecentlyithasbecomeacommonphenomenonforcollegestudentstohavetwomajorsatthesametime.Inthisway,theycangetdoubleBAdegreeswhentheygraduatefromtheuniversityseveralyearslater.briefintroductionMyViewonDoubleBADegreeAlthoughitmaybringunfavora

29、bleconsequences,wecanbesuretoconcludethatthispracticeisfavorableonthewhole.Tobeginwith,moststudentswillbecomemorehardworkingandefficientinordertofinishthelearningtaskssatisfactorily.Moreover,withtwodegreesathandaftergraduation,theywillstandabetterchanceinthejobmarketfulloffiercecompetition.Inthethir

30、dplace,asfortodaysuniversitystudents,tuitionandfeesarebecomingmoreandmoreexpensive.Iftheycanmakeachievementsinstudyatschoolandfindasatisfactoryjobafterwards,itwillnotbeabigproblem.advantagesWeighingtheprosandconsofsuchanewtrend,wecannaturallyarriveattheconclusionthatitisbeneficialandrewarding.Thissy

31、stemnotonlycompelsstudentstoworkhard,butalsopreparesthemforthecomingcompetition.conclusionStudentsSelectingTheirLectures1.有有些些大大学学允允许许学学生生自自由由选选择择某某些些课课程程的的任课教师任课教师2.学生选择教师时所考虑的只要因素学生选择教师时所考虑的只要因素3.学学生生自自选选任任课课教教师师的的益益处处和和可可能能产产生生的的问题问题Howto社会生活中的重大问题，如环境、交通、社会生活中的重大问题，如环境、交通、住房、文化素质、民族精神等住房、文化素质、民族

32、精神等令人担忧的社会问题，如污染、犯罪、盗令人担忧的社会问题，如污染、犯罪、盗版、走私、虚假文凭、假冒伪劣商品等版、走私、虚假文凭、假冒伪劣商品等与大学生活紧密相连的问题，如学习、与大学生活紧密相连的问题，如学习、考试、提高能力、大学费用承担、找工考试、提高能力、大学费用承担、找工作、了解社会等作、了解社会等第一段第一段引言引言对现状、形势或困难的描述对现状、形势或困难的描述第二段第二段 途径与方法途径与方法列举具体的解决办法列举具体的解决办法第三段第三段 总结总结HowtoSolvetheEnergyCrisisAsisknowntoall,energyisofgreatimportance

33、toman.Wecanhardlyimaginehowmancouldlivewithoutenergy.Iftheworldweredeprivedofenergy,thewholesocietywouldbeunabletofunction;everythingwouldbeinamess.Moreover,ourexistencewouldbecomeaproblem.现状现状Withthedevelopmentoftheworldspopulationandtheever-increasingconsumptionofenergybyindustryandthethoughtlessw

34、asteofenergybyindividuals,theworldisfacingthedangerofrunningoutofenergyresources.严峻性严峻性Toavoidanenergycrisisinthefuture,thepublicshouldbeeducatedaboutthescarcityofenergyandurgedtoconservethelimitedresources.Andmeanwhilegreateffortsshouldbemadetodevelopnewenergyresources,suchassolarenergy,nuclearener

35、gy,etc.Whatsmore,thecompaniesshouldadoptenergy-savingmeasures.办法办法Allinall,onlywhenthegovernmentandthecitizensjointheirhandsintheeffortscanwe hope to solve the water shortageproblemsatisfactorily.结论结论Description is painting a picture in words of a person,place,object,or scene.descriptionHesneitherta

36、llnorshort,neitherfatnorthin,neithertoooldnortooyoung,neitherhandsomenorugly.Ifanexpressionistobefoundtodescribehim,thatmaybetheexactwordof“ordinary”.ButjustatfirstglanceathimIfeelsomethingdifferentonhimfromothers.Itmaysoundpuzzlingbutitisthetruth.Andheismynewcompositioninstructor.读者不得要领读者不得要领描写人物所用

37、描写人物所用的语言笼统空泛的语言笼统空泛人物描写人物描写Iamaveryindependentperson.Ialwaysdothingsformyself.Idontlikepeopledoingthingsforme,helpingme,orgivingmethings.ItsnotthatIdontappreciateit.Ijustfellthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyouthenyouowethem,ifthereisonethingIdontliketofeel,itsthatIoweanyoneanything.1.Introduction:Pe

38、rsonyouarewritingabout2.Body:OveralldescriptionofthepersonOnequalityyouwanttoemphasizeSpecificdetails(e.g.stories)thatshowthisquality,supportideas3.Conclusion:Whatwasyourpersonalexperiencewiththisperson?Howhasthepersoninfluencedyou?Whatsyouropinionaboutthisperson?Outline 图表写作图表写作Graph/ChartWriting图表

39、作文是把非文字信息转换为文字信息的一种作文。要用文字来描述非文字性的图表或对图表显示的关系做解释说明。要认真审查所给图示，对图中的数据、图形、分类、百分比要有一个完整的了解。叙述经常或反复出现的情况或自己的评述，要用一般现在时。You should quote as few figures as possible.写作步骤：写作步骤：1.用文字概述图表中的数字信息；用文字概述图表中的数字信息；2.分析图表中的数据变化反映的问题；分析图表中的数据变化反映的问题；3.预测未来预测未来/提出解决办法或建议。提出解决办法或建议。theclassof1999theclassof2000theclasso

40、f200196%93%88%PercentageofCollegeGraduateswhoGotEmployedtheYearTheyGraduatedfrom1999to2001JobProblemsforCollegeGraduatesJobProblemsforCollegeStudentsNowadays,collegestudentsemploymenthasbecomeahottopic.Accordingtothechart,only88percentofcollegegraduatesoftheClassof2001foundjobstheyeartheygraduated,c

41、omparedwith96percentin1999.Whydocollegegraduatesfinditincreasinglydifficulttogetjobs?ReasonsSupplyismorethandemand.Lackofexperience.Havetoohighexpectations.Prejudice.Manyfactorscontributetothehugeunemploymentpressureoncollegegraduates.Firstofall,thesupplyofgraduatesismuchmorethanthedemandofthemarket

42、.Inaddition,manygraduateshavetoohighexpectationsandtheyareunwillingtobeemployedatalowsalary.Thirdly,theeconomicdevelopmentneedsexcellentpersonnelwithmorethantwoyearsexperience.SuggestionsChangetheattitudetowardselectingjobsWorkhardThegovernmentandtheemploymentcentersAccumulateexperienceInmyhumbleopi

43、nion,manymeasuresmustbetakentocopewiththissocialproblem.Ontheonehand,thegovernmentandtheemploymentcentersshouldplayavital/keyrole.Ontheotherhand,itisimportantforgraduatestohaveacorrectattitude./thecollegestudentsshouldchangetheirattitudetowardselectingjobsactively.时间顺序时间顺序记叙文记叙文写作一般以情节发生的时间先后为序，写作一般

44、以情节发生的时间先后为序，开头开头发展发展结尾。也可以从故结尾。也可以从故事或事件的中间或结尾写起，采用事或事件的中间或结尾写起，采用“穿插穿插”或或“倒叙倒叙”手法来写。手法来写。FiveAspectsWhenWhereWhoWhatHowOnthemorningofthecollegeentrancetestIrodeabiketotheschoolwhereIwouldtaketheexamination.Lessthanhalfwaybetweenmyhouseandtheschool,disasterstruck.Mybikehitanailandthefronttyrewentfl

45、at.Ipushedthebikealongthestreets,lookingforarepairshop.Minutespassedbutstilltherewasnonetobefound.WhenIlookedatmywatch,Iwentwildwithworry:therewereonly15minutesleftbeforetheexaminationbegan,andthenearestbusstopwasalongwayoff.Notknowingwhattodo,Istoodstillbythesideoftheroad,tearswellingupinmyeyes.The

46、nacarpulledinandIheardavoiceaskingwhatthematterwas.Whenheheardmystory,thedriverofferedmealift.Thankstohiskindness,Iarrivedjustintime.AndsohereIamtoday.AMemorableExperiencetimeheroplacematterbusinesscorrespondencepersonalcorrespondenceThe salutation BodyThe signatureThecomplimentarycloseFORMATPersona

47、lCorrespondenceALetterofComplaint2004.6.六级六级ALettertoEditorofaNewspaper你你买买了了一一本本字字典典，有有质质量量问问题题。售售后后服服务务不不好好。你将该情况反映给报社的编辑。要求：你将该情况反映给报社的编辑。要求：.事情的起因事情的起因.与书店交涉的过程与书店交涉的过程3.呼吁服务行业服务质量的提高呼吁服务行业服务质量的提高假设你是王明，昨天你到超市假设你是王明，昨天你到超市购物，对一位服务人员的服务购物，对一位服务人员的服务态度不满，写封信找经理投诉。态度不满，写封信找经理投诉。自我介绍自我介绍写信的目的写信的目的记叙

48、事件过程记叙事件过程愿望愿望DearSir/Madam,SincerelyYours,WangMingDearSir/Madam,MynameisWangMing.Iamanordinaryconsumerofyoursupermarket.Iwritethislettertoplaceacomplaintagainstoneofyourshop-assistantsconcerningherbadserviceinthecourseofmyshoppingyesterday.自我介绍自我介绍目的目的YesterdaymorningIintendedtobuymysisteraradioasa

49、birthdaypresent.Oneofyourshop-assistantsnumbered10wasaskedtotakeseveralonesformetochooseatthesametime.Insuchasituation,itwastheassistantsdutyeithertodowhatshewasaskedtodoortoexplainwhyshewasunabletocomplywithsucharequest.Insteadofattendingtoherdutypolitely,sheturnedadeafeartomyrequestandwalkedawayin

50、abadmood.记记叙叙文文Consumers deserve a much betterservice.Ihopeyoucouldlookintothis unsatisfactory state of affairs and take measures to prevent asimilar unpleasant matter fromhappeningagaininthefuture.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou!愿愿望望SincerelyYours,WangMingALetterofThanksSupposeyousuddenlyfaintedonthes