工程管理专业英语第三章翻译.pdf

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1、Chapter3 Labor，Material and Equipment Utilization劳动力、材料和设备利用3.1 Factors Affecting JobSite Productivity3.1 Factors Affecting JobSite Productivity影响工地生产率的因素Jobsite productivity is influenced by many factors which can be characterized either aslabor characteristics，project work conditions or as nonprod

2、uctive activities。影响工地生产率的因素很多,大致分为劳动力特性、工程工作条件（环境）和非生产性活动。The labor characteristics include:劳力特性包含：Age，skill and experience of workforceLeadership and motivation of workforce员工的年龄、技能和工作经验员工的领导力和动力The project work conditions include among other factors：工程施工环境因素包括:Sob size and complexity工作规模和复杂性Job s

3、ite accessibility 工作场地的易接近性Labor availability劳力的可用性Equipment utilization设备的使用Contractual agreements合同Local climate当地的气候Local cultural characteristics,particularly in foreign operations 当地的文化特征，特别是海外工作的文化特征The nonproductive activities associated with（与相关，与联系）a project may ormay not be paid by the own

4、er，but they nevertheless take up potential labor resources（占据可能的劳动力资源）which can otherwise be directed to the project.与项目有关的非生产型工作业主可以支付，也可以不支付,但他们占据潜在的劳动力资源,这些资源原本可以投入到项目中的.The non-productive activities include among other factors：非生产型活动包括：Indirect labor required to maintain the progress of the proj

5、ect维护工程进度的间接性劳力Rework for correcting unsatisfactory（不合格的)work不合格任务的返工Temporary work stoppage（停工)due to inclement（严酷的)weather or materialshortage 严酷的天气或者物料缺乏导致的临时停工Time off for union activities因工会活动而休假Absentee(缺勤）time，including late start and early quits 缺勤时间，包括迟到和早退Nonworking holidays节假日Strikes 罢工Ea

6、ch category of factors affects the productive labor available to a project as well as theon-site labor efficiency。每类因素都影响生产劳动力的可用性和现场劳动力效率。Labor CharacteristicsLabor Characteristics劳动力特征劳动力特征Performance analysis is a common tool for assessing worker quality and contribution。绩效分析是评定员工能力和贡献的一种通用方法.Fac

7、tors that might be evaluated include：评估的要素可以包括：Quality of work-caliber of work produced or accomplished 工作质量所完成工作的水准Quantity of work-volume of acceptable work工作数量-可承担工作的份量Job knowledge-demonstrated（证明，说明，表示）knowledge of requirements，methods，techniques and skills involved in doing the job and in appl

8、ying these toincrease productivity工作知识-工作中应用到的需求知识、方法、技能和技巧，以提高生产率效率Related Work Knowledge knowledge of effects of work upon other areas and knowledgeof related areas which have influence on assigned work相关的工作知识-其他相关领域能对当前工作产生影响和效果的知识Judgmentsoundness of conclusion，decisions and actions稳健的判断力,用于总结、决

9、策和行动Initiativeability to take effective action without being told主动性，积极主动高效的执行工作Resource Utilizationability to delineate(叙述、归纳）project needs and locate，planand effectively use all resources available。资源的利用能力，归纳项目的需求，确定计划和有效利用所有可用的资源These different factors could each be assessed on a three point scal

10、e:(1)recognizedstrength，（2）meets expectations，(3）area needing improvement。这些不同的因素可以评定为三个等级：1）优秀 2）达到期望 3）需要进步.Examples of work performance in these areas might also be provided。也可以 0Jobsite labor productivity(现场劳动生产率）can be estimated either for each craft（工艺，行业）（carpenter，bricklayer，etc。)or each typ

11、e of construction（residentialhousing,processing plant,etc。）under a specific set of work conditions。在特定的工作环境下,现场劳动生产率可以按照工种进行进行评估（如木匠，瓦匠等），也可以按照建设类型评估（如住宅，流程型工厂等）。A base(基准）labor productivity may be defined for a set of work conditions specified（指定；具体说明，详细说明）by the owner or contractor who wishes to o

12、bserve andmeasure the labor performance over a period of time under such conditions.基准劳动生产率可以定义为:在给定的工作条件（环境）下，业主或承包商期望观测和衡量（此条件下）的一段时期内的劳动绩效.A labor productivity index(指数)may then be defined as the ratio（比率)of the jobsitelabor productivity under a different set of work conditions to the base labor

13、productivity，and【从此处断开翻译】【从此处断开翻译】is a measure of the relative（相对的）labor efficiency of aproject under this new set of work conditions.劳动生产率指数可以定义为不同工作条件下现场的劳动生产率和基准劳动生产率的比率，它是对新工作条件下的项目中劳动力相对效率的计量。The effects of various factors related to work conditions on a new project can beestimated in advance，s

14、ome more accurately than others（指 index）。劳动生产率指数（可以）比其他指标更准确地预估与新项目工作条件相关的各种影响因素。Eg1：They should check the daylight conditions and ventilation in different weatherconditionsin advancein advance,if possible.如果有条件的话,应提前提前对房屋在不同天气状况下的采光及通风状况进行考察。eg：Another was that startups had to decidein advancein ad

15、vance how much to raise。另一个问题是创业公司必须提前提前确定筹资数目。For example，for very large construction projects，the labor productivity index tendsto decrease as the project size and/or complexity（工程规模和/或复杂性)increasebecause of logistic（逻辑的、后勤的）problems（后勤问题）and the“learning”thatthe work force must undergo before adj

16、usting to the new environment。logisticlogisticA Thinking about Logistic ProblemLogistic Problem of Architectural Formal Language。对建筑形式语言逻辑问题逻辑问题的思考 TheProblemProblem ofLogisticLogistic Industry Development in China and Policy Recommendation。我国物流物流产业发展中的问题问题和政策建议logistic air supportlogistic air suppo

17、rt 空中后勤支援空中后勤支援*logistic base*logistic base 供应基地供应基地logistic systemlogistic system科学化后勤制度科学化后勤制度课后注释 3:对大型的建设项目，因为后勤问题和劳动力在适应新环境前必须经过的学习过程，随着项目规模和/或复杂性的增长,劳动生产力指数趋于下降.Jobsite accessibility often may reduce the labor productivity index if the workers must performtheir jobs in round about ways，such as

18、 avoiding traffic in repaving the highway surface ormaintaining the operation of a plant during renovation。round about：绕大圈子的,迂回的（路等）;转弯抹角的,委婉的;包围着的，广泛包含的；长胖了的Eg：I have had some experience of the great Cuffsroundaboutroundabout ways。我对这位神通广大的卡夫的门道门道也摸透了几分.翻译:如果工人们必须按(迂回、绕弯）规定的工作方式操作，现场辅助功能往往可能会降低劳动生产

19、力指数,例如避免交通 shigu 路面加铺或在装修过程中维持工厂运营。Labor availability in the local market is another factor。在本地市场的劳动力可用性是另一个因素。Shortage of local labor will force the contractor to bring in nonlocal labor or scheduleovertime work or both.本地劳动力短缺将迫使承建商引入非本地劳动力或/和安排加班工时。In either case,the labor efficiency will be redu

20、ced in addition to incurring additionalexpense。在这两种（引入非本地劳动力或/和安排加班工时）情况下，除了产生额外的费用,劳动效率将减少。The degree of equipment utilization and mechanization(设备利用率和机械化）of aconstruction project clearly will have direct bearing on job-site labor productivity.建筑项目的设备利用率和机械化程度对现场的劳动生产率有直接影响。The contractual agreemen

21、ts play an important role in(the utilization of union or nonunion(公会或非公会）labor，the use of subcontractors and the degree of fieldsupervision），all of which will impact job-site labor productivity。合同协议在使用工会或非工会劳动力、使用分包商和现场监督程度中发挥重要的作用，而所有这些都将影响现场劳动生产率。Since on-site construction essentially involves out

22、door activities，the local climate willinfluence the efficiency of workers directly.由于现场施工主要涉及户外活动，因此当地的气候会直接影响工作效率。In foreign operations，the cultural characteristics of the host country should be observedin assessing the labor efficiency.在海外业务中，在评估劳动效率中要注意东道国的文化特色。Eg:Which country will be thehost co

23、untryhost country for the next Olympic Games?哪个国家将是下届奥运会的 主办主办国?Nonproductive Activities非生产型劳动Thenonproductive activities associated with a project should also be examined inorder to examine the productive labor yield（有效劳动产出），which is defined as theratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completi

24、on of a project to the potential laborhours(可能工时)。还应该检查与项目有关的非生产性活动，以考察有效劳动产出，即为完成项目的直接工时与可能工时的比率。The direct labor hours are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a jobsite by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield.在作业现场最好的条件下估计直接人工工时，这要排除可能会降低有效劳动产出的所有

25、因素.Example31;Effects of job size on productivityExample31;Effects of job size on productivity作业规模对生产力的影响A contractor has established that under a set of“standard”work conditions for buildingconstruction，a job requiring 500，000 labor hours is considered standard in determiningthe base labor productiv

26、ity.承建商已建立了一套“标准”建筑施工的工作条件，一项工作需要 50 万人工工时被认为是确定基本劳动生产率的标准。All other factors being the same，the labor productivity index will increase to 1.1 or 110 for a job requiring only 400,000 labor-hours.所有其他因素相同,一项工作只有 40 万人工工时时，劳动生产率指数将上升至1。1或 110%。Linear relation：线性关系假如所需 300000700000 工时之间存在线性关系,如图 4-1 所示，

27、在完全相同的工作条件下,确定某项需要 650000 工时工作的劳动生产率指数。3.3 Construction Equipment 施工设备1。The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affects therequired amount of time and effort and thus the jobsite productivity of a project.选择合适的施工设备类型和大小,经常影响一个项目需要时间的多少和付出，以及因此而造成的现场生产率。2。It is

28、therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be familiar with thecharacteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in construction。所以，现场经理和施工计划者熟悉在施工中最常用的主要设备类型的特征是重要的。Excavation and LoadingExcavation and Loading开挖和装载3。One family of construction machines used f

29、or excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovelas indicated by the variety of machines in Figure 33。用于开挖的施工机械家族的主要类型是起重式挖掘机，如图3-3 所示的各种机器.4。The craneshovel consists of three major components:起重式挖掘机由三个主要的部分组成：5。a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine.保持机器移动性和

30、稳定性的运载工具或底盘。6.a revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units。包含动力和控制单元的可旋转舱面或转盘.7。a front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation.在操作中提供特殊功能服务的前置附加装置。8。The type of mounting for all machines in Figure 3-3 is referred to as crawler mounting，whichis p

31、articularly suitable for crawling over relatively rugged surfaces at a job site.图 3-3 中所示机器的底盘形态都是履带式底盘，尤其适用于在地面比较崎岖的施工现场爬行。9。Other types of mounting include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greatermobility between job sites，but require better surfaces for their operation.其他底座的类型包括卡车式

32、底盘和轮子式底盘，在施工现场具有更大的移动性，但是它们运行需要比较好的路面情况.10。The revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting and/orthe revolving deck。转盘包括一个容纳人操作底盘和/或转盘的驾驶室。11。The types of front end attachments in Figure 3-3 might include a crane with hook,claim shell，dragline,backhoe，shovel and pile dri

33、ver。图 3-3 中前置的附加装置大致包括:带吊钩的起重机、蛤壳、索斗铲、反铲挖土机、铲子和打桩机.12。A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab.拖拉机包括一个履带式底盘和一个不可转动的驾驶舱组成。13。When an earth moving blade is attached to the front end of a tractor，the assembly is calleda bulldozer。当把推土板安装到拖拉机的前段时，这样的装置就叫做推土机。14.When a bucket is a

34、ttached to its front end，the assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader.把铲斗连接在它的前段,这样的装置就成了装卸机或者叫铲斗式装卸机。15。There are different types of loaders designed to handle most efficiently materials of differentweights and moisture contents.（目前）已经有不同种类的装卸机被设计出来用以有效地处理不同重量和水分含量的材料.16.Scrapers are multiple

35、units of tractortruck and blade-bucket assemblies with variouscombinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork.铲运机由拖拉机式卡车和刮板式铲斗多个部分装备结合而成，易于完成土方工作的装卸和拖运。17。Major types of scrapers include single engine twoaxle or three axle scrapers，twinengineallwheeldrive scrapers,elevating scrapers，

36、and push-pull scrapers.铲运机的主要型号包括单引擎双轴或三轴铲运机、双引擎全驱动轮的铲运机、升运式铲运机、推拉式铲运机。18.Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistance，maneuverability stability，andspeed in operation.每一种型号运行时的滚动阻力、机动稳定性以及速度方面各具特色.Compaction and GradingCompaction and Grading压实和平整场地压实和平整场地19.The function of compactio

37、n equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically。压实设备的作用就是通过机械使土产生跟高的密度。20.The basic forces used in compaction are static weight，kneading，impact and vibration。在压实过程中使用的基本力是静重力、捏合力、冲击力和震动力。21.The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil，itsmoisture cont

38、ent，the thickness of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction.可能达到的压实度取决于土质、土的含水量、所压实土层的厚度以及压实的方法.22。The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to the desired shape and elevation。平整设备的用途就是使土方达到预期的形状和标高.23。Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and g

39、rade trimmers.平整场地设备的主要形式包括发动机式平整机和平整修整机。24.The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing,while the latter is usedfor heavy construction because of its higher operating speed。前者是一个多用途的机器可以进行平整和表面处理，后者因其具有较高的运行速度一般用于大型工程。Drilling and BlastingDrilling and Blasting钻孔和爆破钻孔和爆破25。

40、Rock excavation is an audacious task requiring special equipment and methods。岩石开挖是一项艰难的工作，需要特殊的设备和方法。26.The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated，such as grain size,planes of weakness,weathering,brittleness and hardness。这项工作的难以程度依赖于要开挖的岩石类型的物理性质。例如

41、粒径大小、软弱位面、风化度、脆度和硬度.27。The task of rock excavation includes loosening，loading，hauling and compacting。岩石开挖任务包括松散、装载、拉动和压实。28.The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation and is performed by drilling，blastingor ripping.松散操作只是针对岩石开挖的,通过钻孔、爆破或者(人工）劈凿实现.29。Major types of drilling equipment

42、are percussion drills,rotary drills,and rotarypercussiondrills。钻孔设备的主要类型包括冲击钻、旋转钻和旋转冲击钻.30。A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotates without cutting on theupstroke。冲击钻的工作原理是在其旋转式依靠冲击力刺入和切削岩石,在它向上挑的时候并不切削岩石.31.Common types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which i

43、s hand-held and others whichare mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility。普通形式的冲击钻包括一个手提钻和为了便于移动而安装在固定框架或货车或爬行器的其他部分.32。A rotary drill cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface。旋转钻的工作原理是使岩石表面旋转位移。33.A rotary-percussion drill combines the two cutting movements to provide a fas

44、ter penetrationin rock.。旋转冲击钻是结合了两种切削运动,从而能更快速地穿透岩石。Lifting and ErectingLifting and Erecting提升和安装提升和安装34。Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materials in industrial or buildingconstruction.在工业或民用建筑中起重机通常用作材料的提升设备.35.A derrick consists of a vertical mast and an inclined boom sprouting fro

45、m the foot of the mast。起重机包括一个垂直的桅杆和一个从桅杆底部伸出的倾斜吊架。36.The mast is held in position by guys or stiff legs connected to a base while a topping lift linksthe top of the mast and the top of the inclined boom.桅杆是由牵索固定或者是用刚性柱固定在底座上的，然后顶部的提升装置把桅杆的顶端和倾斜吊架的顶端连在一起。37.A hook in the road line hanging from the t

46、op of the inclined boom is used to lift loads.在行进路线中,悬挂在倾斜吊架顶上的吊钩是用来起吊荷载的。38。Guy derricks may easily be moved from one floor to the next in a building under constructionwhile stiff leg derricks may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area.牵索人字起重机可以方便地从正在施工的建筑中一个楼层转移到另一个楼层，而刚性柱起重机可安装在轨道上在

47、作业区内移动。39.Tower cranes are used to lift loads togreat heights and to facilitate the erection of steelbuilding frames.塔式起重机用于把货物提升至很高的高度，并且方便钢结构的安装.40.Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in highrise building construction.水平起重臂的塔吊在高层建筑中被普遍使用.41.Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used

48、for erecting steel structures.倾斜吊杆式塔吊也用于钢结构的安装.Mixing and PavingMixing and Paving搅拌和铺路搅拌和铺路42。Basic types of equipment for paving include machines for dispensing concrete and bituminousmaterials for pavement surfaces。铺路设备最基本的类型包括铺设混凝土型和铺设沥青型。43.Concrete mixers may also be used to mix Portland cement

49、，sand,gravel and water in batchesfor other types of construction other than paving。除了铺路，混凝土搅拌机同样可以搅拌普通水泥、砂子、石子和水而用于其他类型的工程。44。A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is capable of transportingready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to construction sites.商品混凝土搅拌运输车是把

50、混凝土搅拌机装到卡车上,该卡车可以把预先搅拌好的混凝土从集中批量生产的工厂运到工地。45。A paving mixer is a self propelled concrete mixer equipped with a boom and a bucket to placeconcrete at any desired point within a roadway。混凝土搅拌铺路机是一个自牵引式搅拌机,并安装了起重臂和铲斗，可以把混凝土上在道路中任意预设点上。46.It can be used as a stationary mixer or used to supply slip form