工程计划治理专业英语第三章翻译.doc

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1、| Chapter3 Labor, Material and Equipment Utilization劳动力、材料和设备利用3.1 Factors Affecting Job-Site Productivity 影响工地生产率的因素 Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors which can be characterized either as labor characteristics, project work conditions or as non-productive activities. 影响工地生产率的因素很多，

2、大致分为劳动力特性、工程工作条件（环境）和非生产性活动。 The labor characteristics include: 劳力特性包含： Age, skill and experience of workforce Leadership and motivation of workforce 员工的年龄、技能和工作经验 员工的领导力和动力 The project work conditions include among other factors: 工程施工环境因素包括： Sob size and complexity 工作规模和复杂性 Job site accessibility 工

3、作场地的易接近性 Labor availability 劳力的可用性 Equipment utilization 设备的使用 Contractual agreements 合同 Local climate 当地的气候 Local cultural characteristics, particularly in foreign operations 当地的文化特征，特别是海外工作的文化特征 The non-productive activities associated with（与相关，与联系） a project may or may not be paid by the owner, b

4、ut they nevertheless take up potential labor resources（占据可能的劳动力资源） which can otherwise be directed to the project. 与项目有关的非生产型工作业主可以支付，也可以不支付，但他们占据潜在的劳动力资源，这些资源原本可以投入到项目中的. The non-productive activities include among other factors: 非生产型活动包括： Indirect labor required to maintain the progress of the pro

5、ject 维护工程进度的间接性劳力 Rework for correcting unsatisfactory（不合格的） work 不合格任务的返工 Temporary work stoppage（停工） due to inclement （严酷的）weather or material shortage 严酷的天气或者物料缺乏导致的临时停工 Time off for union activities 因工会活动而休假 Absentee（缺勤） time, including late start and early quits 缺勤时间，包括迟到和早退 Non-working holiday

6、s 节假日 Strikes 罢工| Each category of factors affects the productive labor available to a project as well as the on-site labor efficiency. 每类因素都影响生产劳动力的可用性和现场劳动力效率。 Labor Characteristics 劳动力特征 Performance analysis is a common tool for assessing worker quality and contribution. 绩效分析是评定员工能力和贡献的一种通用方法。 Fa

7、ctors that might be evaluated include: 评估的要素可以包括： Quality of work-caliber of work produced or accomplished 工作质量 所完成工作的水准 Quantity of work-volume of acceptable work 工作数量可承担工作的份量 Job knowledge-demonstrated（证明，说明，表示） knowledge of requirements, methods, techniques and skills involved in doing the job an

8、d in applying these to increase productivity 工作知识工作中应用到的需求知识、方法、技能和技巧，以提高生产率效率 Related Work Knowledge knowledge of effects of work upon other areas and knowledge of related areas which have influence on assigned work 相关的工作知识其他相关领域能对当前工作产生影响和效果的知识 Judgment-soundness of conclusion, decisions and actio

9、ns 稳健的判断力，用于总结、决策和行动 Initiative-ability to take effective action without being told 主动性，积极主动高效的执行工作 Resource Utilization-ability to delineate（叙述、归纳） project needs and locate, plan and effectively use all resources available. 资源的利用能力，归纳项目的需求，确定计划和有效利用所有可用的资源 These different factors could each be asse

10、ssed on a three point scale:(1)recognized strength,(2)meets expectations,(3)area needing improvement. 这些不同的因素可以评定为三个等级：1）优秀 2）达到期望 3）需要进步。 Examples of work performance in these areas might also be provided. 也可以 0 Job-site labor productivity （现场劳动生产率）can be estimated either for each craft（工艺，行业）(carp

11、enter, bricklayer, etc.) or each type of construction (residential housing, processing plant, etc.) under a specific set of work conditions. 在特定的工作环境下，现场劳动生产率可以按照工种进行进行评估（如木匠，瓦匠等） ，也可以按照建设类型评估（如住宅，流程型工厂等） 。 A base（基准） labor productivity may be defined for a set of work conditions specified（指定;具体说明,详

12、细说明 ） by the owner or contractor who wishes to observe and measure the labor performance over a period of time under such conditions. 基准劳动生产率可以定义为： 在给定的工作条件（环境）下，业主或承包商期望观测和衡量（此条件下）的一段时期内的劳动绩效。 A labor productivity index（指数） may then be defined as the ratio（比率） of the job-site labor productivity und

13、er a different set of work conditions to the base labor productivity, and【 从此处断开翻译 】 is a measure of the relative（相对的） labor |efficiency of a project under this new set of work conditions. 劳动生产率指数可以定义为不同工作条件下现场的劳动生产率和基准劳动生产率的比率，它是对新工作条件下的项目中劳动力相对效率的计量。 The effects of various factors related to work

14、conditions on a new project can be estimated in advance, some more accurately than others（指 index）. 劳动生产率指数（可以）比其他指标更准确地预估与新项目工作条件相关的各种影响因素。 Eg1： They should check the day-light conditions and ventilation in different weather conditions in advance, if possible. 如果有条件的话,应提前对房屋在不同天气状况下的采光及通风状况进行考察。eg：

15、 Another was that startups had to decide in advance how much to raise. 另一个问题是创业公司必须提前确定筹资数目。 For example, for very large construction projects, the labor productivity index tends to decrease as the project size and/or complexity(工程规模和/或复杂性) increase because of logistic（逻辑的、后勤的） problems（后勤问题） and th

16、e “learning” that the work force must undergo before adjusting to the new environment. logistic *A Thinking about Logistic Problem of Architectural Formal Language. 对建筑形式语言逻辑问题的思考 * The Problem of Logistic Industry Development in China and Policy Recommendation.我国物流产业发展中的问题和政策建议*logistic air support

17、 空中后勤支援 *logistic base 供应基地 *logistic system 科学化后勤制度 课后注释 3：对大型的建设项目，因为后勤问题和劳动力在适应新环境前必须经过的学习过程，随着项目规模和/或复杂性的增长，劳动生产力指数趋于下降。Job-site accessibility often may reduce the labor productivity index if the workers must perform their jobs in round about ways, such as avoiding traffic in repaving the highwa

18、y surface or maintaining the operation of a plant during renovation.round about：绕大圈子的,迂回的 (路等);转弯抹角的, 委婉的;包围着的,广泛包含的;长胖了的 Eg： I have had some experience of the great Cuffs round-about ways. 我对这位神通广大的卡夫的门道也摸透了几分。翻译：如果工人们必须按（迂回、绕弯）规定的工作方式操作，现场辅助功能往往可能会降低劳动生产力指数，例如避免交通 shigu 路面加铺或在装修过程中维持工厂运营。 Labor av

19、ailability in the local market is another factor. 在本地市场的劳动力可用性是另一个因素。 Shortage of local labor will force the contractor to bring in non-local labor or schedule overtime work or both. 本地劳动力短缺将迫使承建商引入非本地劳动力或/和安排加班工时。 In either case, the labor efficiency will be reduced in addition to incurring additio

20、nal expense. 在这两种（引入非本地劳动力或/和安排加班工时）情况下，除了产生额外的费用，劳动效率将减少。 The degree of equipment utilization and mechanization(设备利用率和机械化) of a |construction project clearly will have direct bearing on job-site labor productivity. 建筑项目的设备利用率和机械化程度对现场的劳动生产率有直接影响。 The contractual agreements play an important role in

21、 （the utilization of union or non-union(公会或非公会) labor, the use of subcontractors and the degree of field supervision）, all of which will impact job-site labor productivity. 合同协议在使用工会或非工会劳动力、使用分包商和现场监督程度中发挥重要的作用，而所有这些都将影响现场劳动生产率。 Since on-site construction essentially involves outdoor activities, the

22、 local climate will influence the efficiency of workers directly. 由于现场施工主要涉及户外活动，因此当地的气候会直接影响工作效率。 In foreign operations, the cultural characteristics of the host country should be observed in assessing the labor efficiency. 在海外业务中，在评估劳动效率中要注意东道国的文化特色。 Eg： Which country will be the host country for

23、the next Olympic Games? 哪个国家将是下届奥运会的 主办 国 ? Non-productive Activities 非生产型劳动 The non-productive activities associated with a project should also be examined in order to examine the productive labor yield(有效劳动产出), which is defined as the ratio of direct labor hours devoted to the completion of a proj

24、ect to the potential labor hours（可能工时）. 还应该检查与项目有关的非生产性活动，以考察有效劳动产出，即为完成项目的直接工时与可能工时的比率。 The direct labor hours are estimated on the basis of the best possible conditions at a job site by excluding all factors which may reduce the productive labor yield. 在作业现场最好的条件下估计直接人工工时，这要排除可能会降低有效劳动产出的所有因素。Exam

25、ple3-1；Effects of job size on productivity 作业规模对生产力的影响A contractor has established that under a set of “standard” work conditions for building construction, a job requiring 500,000 labor hours is considered standard in determining the base labor productivity. 承建商已建立了一套“标准”建筑施工的工作条件，一项工作需要 50 万人工工时被认

26、为是确定基本劳动生产率的标准。 All other factors being the same, the labor productivity index will increase to 1.1 or 110% for a job requiring only 400,000 labor-hours. 所有其他因素相同，一项工作只有 40 万人工工时时，劳动生产率指数将上升至 1.1或 110。 Linear relation:线性关系 假如所需 300000-700000 工时之间存在线性关系，如图 4-1 所示，在完全相同的工作条件下，确定某项需要 650000 工时工作的劳动生产率指

27、数。| 3.3 Construction Equipment 施工设备1.The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a project.选择合适的施工设备类型和大小，经常影响一个项目需要时间的多少和付出，以及因此而造成的现场生产率。2.It is therefore important for site mana

28、gers and construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in construction.所以，现场经理和施工计划者熟悉在施工中最常用的主要设备类型的特征是重要的。Excavation and Loading 开挖和装载3.One family of construction machines used for excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovel

29、 as indicated by the variety of machines in Figure 3-3.用于开挖的施工机械家族的主要类型是起重式挖掘机，如图 3-3 所示的各种机器。4.The crane-shovel consists of three major components:起重式挖掘机由三个主要的部分组成：5.a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine.保持机器移动性和稳定性的运载工具或底盘。6. a revolving deck or turntable whic

30、h contains the power and control units.包含动力和控制单元的可旋转舱面或转盘。7. a front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation.在操作中提供特殊功能服务的前置附加装置。8.The type of mounting for all machines in Figure 3-3 is referred to as crawler mounting, which is particularly suitable for crawling over relati

31、vely rugged surfaces at a job site. 图 3-3 中所示机器的底盘形态都是履带式底盘，尤其适用于在地面比较崎岖的施工现场爬行。9. Other types of mounting include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility between job sites, but require better surfaces for their operation. 其他底座的类型包括卡车式底盘和轮子式底盘，在施工现场具有更大的移动性，但是它们运行需要比较好的路面情况。

32、 10. The revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting and/or the revolving deck. 转盘包括一个容纳人操作底盘和/或转盘的驾驶室。 11. The types of front end attachments in Figure 3-3 might include a crane with hook, claim shell, dragline, backhoe, shovel and pile driver. 图 3-3 中前置的附加装置大致包括：带吊钩的起重

33、机、蛤壳、索斗铲、反铲挖土机、铲子和打桩机。12. A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab. 拖拉机包括一个履带式底盘和一个不可转动的驾驶舱组成。13. When an earth moving blade is attached to the front end of a tractor, the assembly is called a bulldozer. 当把推土板安装到拖拉机的前段时，这样的装置就叫做推土机。14. When a bucket is attached to its front e

34、nd, the assembly is known as a loader or bucket |loader. 把铲斗连接在它的前段，这样的装置就成了装卸机或者叫铲斗式装卸机。15. There are different types of loaders designed to handle most efficiently materials of different weights and moisture contents. （目前）已经有不同种类的装卸机被设计出来用以有效地处理不同重量和水分含量的材料。16. Scrapers are multiple-units of tract

35、or-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork. 铲运机由拖拉机式卡车和刮板式铲斗多个部分装备结合而成，易于完成土方工作的装卸和拖运。17. Major types of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three axle scrapers, twin-engine all-wheel-drive scrapers, elevating scrapers, an

36、d push-pull scrapers. 铲运机的主要型号包括单引擎双轴或三轴铲运机、双引擎全驱动轮的铲运机、升运式铲运机、推拉式铲运机。18. Each type has different characteristics of rolling resistance, maneuverability stability, and speed in operation. 每一种型号运行时的滚动阻力、机动稳定性以及速度方面各具特色。Compaction and Grading 压实和平整场地19. The function of compaction equipment is to produ

37、ce higher density in soil mechanically.压实设备的作用就是通过机械使土产生跟高的密度。20.The basic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact and vibration.在压实过程中使用的基本力是静重力、捏合力、冲击力和震动力。21. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil, its moisture content, the thickness

38、 of the soil layer for compaction and the method of compaction.可能达到的压实度取决于土质、土的含水量、所压实土层的厚度以及压实的方法。22.The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to the desired shape and elevation. 平整设备的用途就是使土方达到预期的形状和标高。23. Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers.

39、平整场地设备的主要形式包括发动机式平整机和平整修整机。24. The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing, while the latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed. 前者是一个多用途的机器可以进行平整和表面处理，后者因其具有较高的运行速度一般用于大型工程。Drilling and Blasting 钻孔和爆破25. Rock excavation is an audacious ta

40、sk requiring special equipment and methods.岩石开挖是一项艰难的工作，需要特殊的设备和方法。26. The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated, such as grain size, planes of weakness, weathering, brittleness and hardness.这项工作的难以程度依赖于要开挖的岩石类型的物理性质。例如粒径大小、软弱位面、风化度、脆度和硬度。27. The t

41、ask of rock excavation includes loosening, loading, hauling and compacting.岩石开挖任务包括松散、装载、拉动和压实。28. The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation and is performed by drilling, |blasting or ripping.松散操作只是针对岩石开挖的，通过钻孔、爆破或者（人工）劈凿实现。29.Major types of drilling equipment are percussion drills,

42、 rotary drills, and rotary-percussion drills. 钻孔设备的主要类型包括冲击钻、旋转钻和旋转冲击钻。30.A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it rotates without cutting on the upstroke. 冲击钻的工作原理是在其旋转式依靠冲击力刺入和切削岩石，在它向上挑的时候并不切削岩石。31.Common types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is hand-held and

43、 others which are mounted on a fixed frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility. 普通形式的冲击钻包括一个手提钻和为了便于移动而安装在固定框架或货车或爬行器的其他部分。32.A rotary drill cuts by turning a bit against the rock surface. 旋转钻的工作原理是使岩石表面旋转位移。33. A rotary-percussion drill combines the two cutting movements to provide a faster penetra

44、tion in rock. 旋转冲击钻是结合了两种切削运动，从而能更快速地穿透岩石。Lifting and Erecting 提升和安装34. Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materials in industrial or building construction.在工业或民用建筑中起重机通常用作材料的提升设备。35. A derrick consists of a vertical mast and an inclined boom sprouting from the foot of the mast.起重机包括一个垂

45、直的桅杆和一个从桅杆底部伸出的倾斜吊架。36. The mast is held in position by guys or stiff legs connected to a base while a topping lift links the top of the mast and the top of the inclined boom.桅杆是由牵索固定或者是用刚性柱固定在底座上的，然后顶部的提升装置把桅杆的顶端和倾斜吊架的顶端连在一起。37.A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the inclined boom is us

46、ed to lift loads.在行进路线中，悬挂在倾斜吊架顶上的吊钩是用来起吊荷载的。38. Guy derricks may easily be moved from one floor to the next in a building under construction while stiff leg derricks may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area.牵索人字起重机可以方便地从正在施工的建筑中一个楼层转移到另一个楼层，而刚性柱起重机可安装在轨道上在作业区内移动。39. Tower cranes are

47、 used to lift loads to great heights and to facilitate the erection of steel building frames. 塔式起重机用于把货物提升至很高的高度，并且方便钢结构的安装。40. Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in high-rise building construction. 水平起重臂的塔吊在高层建筑中被普遍使用。41. Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting steel

48、structures. 倾斜吊杆式塔吊也用于钢结构的安装。Mixing and Paving 搅拌和铺路42. Basic types of equipment for paving include machines for dispensing concrete and bituminous materials for pavement surfaces.|铺路设备最基本的类型包括铺设混凝土型和铺设沥青型。43. Concrete mixers may also be used to mix Portland cement, sand, gravel and water in batches

49、 for other types of construction other than paving.除了铺路，混凝土搅拌机同样可以搅拌普通水泥、砂子、石子和水而用于其他类型的工程。44. A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to construction sites. 商品混凝土搅拌运输车是把混凝土搅拌机装到卡车上，该卡车可以把预先搅拌好的混凝土从集中批量生产的工厂运到工地。45. A paving mixer is a self propelled concrete mixer equipped with a boom and a bucket to place concrete at a