figureofspeech英语中的几种修辞方法.ppt

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1、BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesMetaphorThe3CsareCharacter,Courage,andConscience,withoutwhichwearemerelygiganticantsinstinctivelyfillingoutourbiologicallydetermineddestiny.(Para.4)Metaphor:ametaphor,likeasimile,makesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasim

2、ile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.MetaphorHumanbeingsarecomparedtogiganticants.To be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Metaphor:moreexamples#ThehalfwaywasZebra-stripedwithdarknessandmoonlight.(KurtVonnegut,Jr.)A description of the alternate bands of light and shade

3、in the hall,like a zebras stripes.II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesTo be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”#Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetotimewithbloodofpatriotsandtyrants.Itisitsnaturalmanure.(ThomasJefferson)Metaphor:moreexamplesThe end of Metaphor.The suggest

4、ion here is that liberty cannot be achieved or defended without blood shedthe shedding of the blood of both the defenders and the oppressors of liberty in a violent struggle.Blood(manure)nurtures liberty.II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”withoneofentertainment-typewo

5、menattheparty.(Para.9)Euphemism:thesubstitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or direct one.EuphemismMoreexamplesTo be continued on the next page.II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Euphemism:moreexamples#Americans increasingly see an economicdivi

6、de between the haves and have-nots,according to a new poll that also finds amajority of people dissatisfied with thecountrysdirection.II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesTo be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Euphemism:moreexamples#TheSenior CitizensSecretariatistheprovincia

7、lgovernmentagencyresponsibleforcoordinatingtheplanning and development of policies,programsandservicesforseniors.#Nobody disputes the need to answernatures most basic call,but somewonderwhoshouldfootthebillforanadequatesupplyofpublictoilets.II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesThe end of Euphemism.BT

8、LEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 7 The RivalsII.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesUnderstatementTo be continued on the next page.Ifyouweretoadoptmymethod,mightlandyouinaveryuncomfortableposition.(42)Inunderstatementthedictionplaysdownthemagnitudeorvalueofthesubject.Inoverstatementthedictionexagger

9、atesthesubject.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 7 The RivalsTo be continued on the next page.Bothaimatthesameeffect:tomakethestatementordescriptionimpressiveorinteresting.MoreexamplesII.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesUnderstatementBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 7 The RivalsTo be contin

10、ued on the next page.Moreexamples:1.Ishouldhavesaidthatreticencewasnotyourstrongpoint.2.itmightlandyouinaverycomfortableposition.Youaretoomuchachatterbox!Averyawkwardsituation.II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesUnderstatementBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 7 The RivalsTo be continued on the n

11、ext page.3.Letmeputitthisway.Modestyisnotexactlyhisstrongpoint.4.Sheknewthatherdaughterwasnotexactlyasweetangel.Heisveryconceited!Shewasill-tempered!II.Writing DevicesII.Writing DevicesUnderstatementBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesPunApunisdefinedbyWebsterasthehu

12、moroususeofa word,or of words which are formed or soundedalikebuthavedifferentmeanings,insuchawayastoplayontwoormoreofthepossibleapplications;aplayonwords.MoreexamplesTo be continued on the next page.Did you hear about the two molecules walkingdown the street?One lost an electron,andexclaimed:Ive lo

13、st an electron!The othersaid:Areyousure?Andthefirstonesaid:Impositive!Lesson 6 Twelve Angry Men(Part Two)BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Pun:moreexamplesSevendayswithoutfoodmakesoneweak.IncomeTax:Capitalpunishment.WhydidntthelionseatDanielwhenhewasthrownintheirden?BecausehereadtothemfromhisBibleallni

14、ght.Hewasthefirstprophettoreadbetweenthelions.To be continued on the next page.Figureoutwhichpartofthesentenceisapun.Lesson 6 Twelve Angry Men(Part Two)III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Pun:ads.Signonanelectricianstruck:Letusremoveyourshorts.MaternityClothesShop:We

15、areopenonlaborday.Non-smokingarea:Ifweseeyousmokingwewillassumeyouonfireandtakeappropriateaction.OnaMaternityRoomDoor:Push,Push,Push.To be continued on the next page.Figureoutwhichpartofthesentenceisapun.Lesson 6 Twelve Angry Men(Part Two)III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Onl

16、y Human”Pun:ads.Hotel:Help!Weneedinnexperiencedpeople.ButchersWindow:Pleasedtomeatyou.BeautyShop:Dyenow!ComputerStore:Outforaquickbyte.Figureoutwhichpartofthesentenceisapun.Lesson 6 Twelve Angry Men(Part Two)III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesTo be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were O

17、nly Human”Pun:examplesinthetextNo.4:Veryannoying.(Para.128)“Veryannoying”hereisusedironicallyasapun:No.4 foundthetwodeepimpressionsbesidehisnoseannoying;andhethoughtNo.9spersistentinterruptionwasannoying,too.Lesson 6 Twelve Angry Men(Part Two)III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesThe end of Writing

18、Devices.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesIronySarcasmParadoxOxymoronInnuendoSatireBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”IronyIII.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesMoreexamplesTo be continued on the next page.the discrepancy between what is said and what ismeant,what is s

19、aid and what is done,what isexpected or intended and what happens,what ismeantorsaidandwhatothersunderstand“Irony”comes from the Greek word“eiron”,meaning a man who makes himself appear lessthanheis.WhenOdysseusreturnedatlastfromTroy,heappearedtobearaggedbeggar,nottherightfulKingofIthaca.Noonepaidat

20、tentiontohimuntilherevealedhimselfbystringinghisownbowwhich none of his wife Penelopes suitors,oranyoneelse,hadthestrengthtodo.originCategoriesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”To be continued on the next page.Irony:categoriesVerbalirony:thespeakersayssomethingdifferentfromwhatheorshereallybelieves.e.g

21、.Niceweather!whenitisraining.Dramatic irony:often occurs in plays when the characters thinkoneway,buttheaudienceknowsthatthingsareanotherway.e.g.OedipusRexboaststhathewillpunishthepersonwhokilledKingLaius,andtheaudienceknows,especiallyiftheyveseentheplaybefore,thatOedipushimselfkilledhim.Ironyoffate

22、:thesituationisdifferentfromcommonsensemakesittobe.e.g.General Patton lives throughthe tankbattles of WWII,andafterthewarheiskilledaccidentallybyoneofhisownmen.InThe Scarlet Letter,itissituationalironythatthetownthinksthat Reverend Dimmesdale is angelic when he shamefully hideshisadulterywithHesterP

23、rynnewhileshesuffers.III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”To be continued on the next page.Irony:examplesBrother,youreallyaresomething.Yousatthereand voted guilty like the rest of us.And thensomegolden-voicedpreacherstartedtotearyourpoor heart out about a poor kid,and

24、 so youchangedyourvote.(Para.88)Thisisarealfineboy.(Para.49)Itmustbedelightfultofindoneselfinaforeigncountrywithoutapennyinonespocket.Istayedinthehospitaltendayswithmysisterwhowasdying.Barbara,myex-bestfriend,cametomyhousetolookaftermychildren.Shehelpedthingsoutandtookmythingsout.Shedidhelp!Moreexam

25、plesIII.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Irony:moreexamplesBymidmorningaforty-one-year-oldteacher had been shot dead,with hissecuritycardinhand,andanotherteacherstruckbytwonine-millimeterbullets,wasextraordinarily lucky to be alive.Twoothers narrowly escaped Nicholas

26、Elliotsbullets.He(Henry Ford)announced to the pressthathedturnoverhiswarprofitstothegovernment.Buttheresnorecordthatheeverdid.The end of Irony.III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”SarcasmSarcasmisonekindofirony;itisapraisewhichisreallyaninsult;sarcasmgenerallyinvolves

27、malice,thedesiretoputsomeonedown,e.g.,This is my brilliant son,whofailedoutofcollege.AvariantofironyExamplesTo be continued on the next page.III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Sarcasm:examples“Howunselfishyouare!”saidElleninsarcasmashersistertookthebiggestpieceofcak

28、e.Whenchildrencallaboy“Four Eyes”becausehewearsglasses,theyarespeakinginsarcasm.Sarcasm更尖刻，往往更尖刻，往往蓄意中伤或讥讽；蓄意中伤或讥讽；irony的特点是幽默或俏皮；的特点是幽默或俏皮；satire可泛指可泛指irony,sarcasm，用来讽刺社，用来讽刺社会现象或一些人，不像会现象或一些人，不像sarcasm那样指个人那样指个人。The end of Sarcasm.III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Hum

29、an”To be continued on the next page.ParadoxChrist used paradox in his teaching:Theyhave ears but hear not.Or in ordinaryconversation,wemightuseaparadox,Deepdown hes really very shallow.Paradoxattractsthereadersorthelistenersattentionandgivesemphasis.AvariantofironyExamplesIII.III.Writing DevicesWrit

30、ing DevicesBTLEWastatementwhosetwopartsseemcontradictory yet make sense with morethoughtBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Paradox:examplesMorehaste,lessspeed.Infact,itappearsthattheteachersofEnglishteachEnglishsopoorlylargelybecausetheyteachgrammarsowell.The end of Paradox.III.III.Writing DevicesWritin

31、g DevicesBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Oxymoroncreative destruction,living death,tearful joy;cold pleasant manner,poor rich guys;falsely true;Hasten slowly,groan loudly;the sound of silenceavariantofironyThe end of Oxymoron.III.III.Writing DevicesWriting Devicesa statement with two parts which seem

32、contradictory;examples:sadjoy,awisefool,the sound of silence,or Hamlets saying,Imustbecruelonlytobekind.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”SatireAvariantofironyAkidbeingmountedontheroofofaloftyhouse,and seeing a Wolf pass below,began to revilehim.TheWolfmerelystoppedtoreply,“Oh,mybracefriend,itisnotyouw

33、horevileme,buttheplaceonwhichyouarestanding.”The end of Satire.III.III.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesItistheexposureofthevicesorfolliesofanindividual,agroup,aninstitution,anidea,asociety,etc.,usuallywithaviewtocorrectingit.Satiristsfrequentlyuseirony.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of

34、 Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesAntithesisFamiliaritysometimesmakespeoplephysicallyinvisible,foryoufindyourselftalkingtothehearttotheessence,asitwere,ratherthantotheface.(26)Antithesis:therelationbetweensuccessive unitsthatareputin contrastapairofantitheseswhatisdeepdownvs.whatcanbeph

35、ysicallyseenTo be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesAntithesis:MoreExamples#Caringforafamilymemberyourselfcanbeenriching and rewardingbutalsodemanding and draining.#Asaspotontheweathermap,Rochesterisonechillytow

36、n.Butasamodelforeducationalreform,itsshapingupasthehottestplaceinAmerica.#Termslike liberalandconservativedomoretomuddlethantoclarify.Translation.Payspecialattentiontotheitalicwords.KeysBTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting Devices#自己照顾家人，虽然可以让你在心灵上

37、得到充充实实和回报回报，但这也是一份对你要求很高要求很高、甚至使你精疲力尽精疲力尽的工作。#在气象图上，罗彻斯特只是一个寒冷寒冷的小城。但作为教育改革的典范，该城市正渐渐成为全美的炙热炙热焦点。#自由自由、保守保守等字眼非但没有澄清澄清反倒让人糊涂糊涂。Antithesis:MoreExamplesThe end of Antithesis.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Theseareexcitingtimesyetfrustratingtimes.(5)II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesTheauthorusesanti

38、thesistogiveafocustohowcollegestudentsarestressfulinestablishingtheirsexualidentity.AntithesisTo be continued on the next page.Findmoreexamplesinparagraph5.MoreexamplesLesson 1 Your College Years BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesProbablynothingcanmakestudentsfeellow

39、erorhigheremotionallythanthewaytheyarerelatingtowhomevertheyarehavingaromanticrelationshipwith.(5)hebouncedintomyofficeoncewithasmileonhisfaceandexcitementinhisvoice.Thatsameyoungmancameintomyofficelessthanaweeklater,dragginghisfeetwithadismayed,dejectedlookonhisface.sigheddeeply(5)“Ivejusthadthebes

40、tdayofmylife!”“Ivejusthadtheworstdayofmylife!”Antithesis:moreexamplesThe end of Antithesis.Lesson 1 Your College Years BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesIdleavethebrightsunandthetwitterandrustleofinsectsandanimalsoutsideandcreepintoanothe

41、rworldavaultedcathedral,(4)Onomatopoeia:theformation of wordsthatarelike natural soundsOnomatopoeiaMoreexamplesTo be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesOnomatopoeia:MoreExamplesthetwitterofbirdstherustleofleavest

42、hehissofthesnakethegurgleofthewaterthecrackingofthefirethebangingofthedoortheflutteringoftheflagtherumblingofthewavesthetick-tockoftheclockCanyouimitatethesoundsofthesewords?To be continued on the next page.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting Devi

43、cesTomCarvel,84,theice-creamtycoonwhosevoiceanear-indescribablemixofgrumble,mumble,raspandgasppeddledhiscompanyswaresinradioandTVadsfor35years,diedinhissleepinPinePlains,N.Y.,Oct.21.汤姆卡维尔10月21日在睡眠中卒于纽约州松原市，终年84岁。他在世时是冰淇淋业大亨，在无线电及电视广告中推销自己公司的产品达35年之久。他的声音是一种几乎无法描述的_的混合物。嘟嘟囔囔、咕咕哝哝、嘟嘟囔囔、咕咕哝哝、嘎喳嘎喳、噗哧噗哧嘎

44、喳嘎喳、噗哧噗哧Onomatopoeia:MoreExamplesTo be continued on the next page.Translation.Payspecialattentiontotheunderlinedwords.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”Lesson 4-Wisdom of Bear Wood II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesOnomatopoeia:MoreExamplesWhatbeyelookingat?askedamanwhohadnotobservedtheincident.Ho-ho

45、-ho!laugheddarkCar.Hee-hee-hee!laughedthetipplingbride,asshesteadiedherselfonthearmofherfondhusband.Heu-heu-heu!laugheddarkCarsmother,strokinghermoustacheassheexplainedlaconically,Outofthefrying-panintothefire!FromTess of the dUrbervillesChapter10byThomasHardyForappreciation.The end of Writing Devic

46、es.BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSyntacticAnaphora(RepetitionofBeginningWords)Itwasafeelingofcloseness.Itwassomethingstrange.Itwasasthoughtherewereonlywetwointheworld.ItwasasthoughIhadbeenjerkedsuddenlyoutofmyworldoftheschoolboy,outofaworldinwhichIwasashamedofmyf

47、ather.This is the most common kind of sentence repetition.MoreexamplesTo be continued on the next page.Lesson 2 Discovery of a Father BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesTenderlywillIuseyoucurlinggrass,Itmaybeyoutranspirefromthebreastsofyoungmen,ItmaybeifIhadknownthemI

48、couldhavelovedthem,Itmaybeyouarefromoldpeople,orfromoffspringtakensoonoutoftheirmotherslaps.Andhereyouarethemotherslaps.(WaltWhitman:Song of Myself)MoreexamplesTo be continued on the next page.Lesson 2 Discovery of a Father BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSincethat

49、time,whichisfarenoughawaynow,Ihaveoftenthoughtthatfewpeopleknowwhatsecrecythereisintheyoung,underterror.Iwasinmortalterroroftheyoungmanwhowantedmyheartandliver;Iwasinmortalterrorofmyinterlocutorwiththeironleg,fromwhomanawfulpromisehadbeenextracted;(C.Dickens:Great Expectations)The repetition of the

50、words brings out vividly the extent of the boys terror,increased by the fear that he might not succeed in keeping his promise.To be continued on the next page.Lesson 2 Discovery of a Father BTLEWLesson 8 “Were Only Human”II.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesSyntacticEpiphora(RepetitionofEndingwords)I