《新编简明英语语言学教程》课件.ppt

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1、A Course on LinguisticsA Course on Linguistics戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋新编简明英语语言学教程（网络下载，调整修改中）（网络下载，调整修改中）.The Goals for this CourseTogetascientificviewonlanguage;Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SL

2、AorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication;Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.The Requirements for this courseClassattendanceClassroomdiscussionFulfillmentoftheassignmentExamination.Reference Books戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟，(2001)，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。刘润清，(1995)，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。Fromkin,V.&R.Rodma

3、n,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.Chapter 1.Introduction.1.What is language?.Language can meanwhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwrit

4、ing(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)asetofrules.(rule-governed).Sapir

5、s definition(1921)“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”.Halls definition(1968)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”.Chomskys

6、 definition(1957)“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”.Language can be generally defined asasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Language is a systemSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarear

7、rangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Language is arbitraryArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconventi

8、on.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-Shakespeare.Language is primarily vocalVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Language is humanspecific Human-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcri

9、es.The design/defining features of human language(Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmission.Arbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumbl

10、e,crackle,bang,.Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy.Productivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-e

11、yedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydi

12、rection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires.Duality(double articulation)Lowerlevel-sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Acommunicationsystemwithdualityis

13、consideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofse

14、ntencesofthatlanguage.Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.AgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcesthey

15、havefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.Cul

16、tural transmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thi

17、sshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.Functions of languagePhatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsoc

18、ialcontact.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)Performative:languageisusedtodothings,toperform

19、actions.The origin of languageThedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.Theinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.Theevolutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括他对语言的定

20、义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统语言是一种符号系统.当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.2.What is linguistics?-Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.-Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.Four principles of linguistic studiesExhaustiveness/adequacyConsistencyEconomyObject

21、ivity.The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoreticallinguistics1.Phonetics2.Phonology3.Morphology4.Syntax5.SemanticsUseoflinguistics1.Appliedlinguistics2.Sociolinguistics3.Psycholinguistics4.Theoretical linguisticsPhonetics-speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatorypho

22、netics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology-theformofwordsSyntax-therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Semantics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-Pragmatics).Use of linguisticsAppliedlinguistics

23、-linguisticsandlanguageteachingSociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,education)affectlanguageusePsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandpsychologicalprocessStylistics-linguisticandliterature.Some other applications AnthropologicallinguisticsNeurolinguisticsComputationallinguistics(e.g.machinetrans

24、lation).Some important distinctions in linguistics.Descriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive-describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive-laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar).Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronics

25、tudy-descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy-descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime).Speech vs writingSpeech-primarymediumoflanguageWriting-laterdeveloped.Langue vs parole(F.de Saussure)Langue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsh

26、aredbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.Parole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.Competence and performance(Chomsky)Competence-theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance-theactualrealizationofthisknow

27、ledgeinlinguisticcommunicationChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditionalgrammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkModernlinguistics-descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedf

28、ramework.Chapter 2 PhonologyLanguageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds-soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.Phonetics -Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescript

29、ion,classificationandtranscription,e.g.pbilabial,stop.Three branches of phonetics Articulatoryphonetics-fromthespeakerspointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics-fromthehearerspointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics-fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmitted

30、fromonetoanother.Articulatory phonetics.Speech organs:three important areas Pharyngeal cavity-the throat;The oral cavity-the mouth;Nasal cavity-the nose.The diagram of speech organs1.Lips2.Teeth3.Teethridge(alveolar)4.Hardpalate5.Softpalate(velum)6.Uvula7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.V

31、ocalcords11.Pharyngealcavity12.Nasalcavity.Orthographic representation of speech sounds-AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription-usedindictionaryan

32、dtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clearl,pitNarrowtranscription-usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.darkl,aspiratedp.Some major articulatory variables-dimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing-voiced&voicelessNasality-nasal&non-nasalAspiration-aspirated&unaspirated.

33、Classification of English speech sounds-Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:VowelsConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritis

34、somehowobstructed.Classification of consonants-Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:ThemannerofarticulationTheplaceofarticulation.The manner of articulationstops/plosives:p,b,t,d,k,g;fricatives:f,v,s,z,W,T,F,V,h;affricates:tF,dV;liquids:l(lateral),r;nasals:m,n,N;glides/semivowels

35、:w,j.The place of articulationbilabial:p,b,m,w;labiodental:f,v;dental:W,T;alveolar:t,d,s,z,n,l,r;palatal:F,V,tF,dV,j;velar:k,g,N;glottal:h.The place of articulation1.Bilabial;2.Labiodental;3.Dentalorinterdental;4.Alveolar;5.Palatoalveolar;6.Palatal;7.Velar;8.Uvular;9.Glottal.The description of Engli

36、sh consonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar GlottalStopsorplosivesVLptkVDbdgFrica-tivesVLf W sF hVDvT zV Affri-catesVL(tF)tFVD(dV)dVNasalsVDmnN LiquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwj.Classification of vowels-Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:Monophthongsorpure/sing

37、levowelsDiphthongsorglidingvowels.Monophthongs or pure/single vowels-According to which part of the tongue is heldhighestintheprocessofproduction,thevowelscanbedistinguishedas:frontvowels:I:,I,e,Z,A,B;centralvowels:E:,E,Q;backvowels:u:,u,C:,C,B:.According to the openness of the mouth Close:I:,I,u:,u

38、.Semi-close:e,E:;Semi-open:E,C;Open:A,B,C,B:,Q;.The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:.According to the shape of the lips orthe degree of lip rounding rounded:u:,u,C:,C;unrounded:I:,I,e,Z,A,B,E:,E,Q,B:.According to the length of the vowels long:I:,E

39、:,u:,C:,B:short:I,e,Z,A,E,Q,B,u,C.Diphthongs/gliding vowels ei,ai,aU,EU,Ri,iE,ZE,UE.Exercises:underline the words that begin with a sound as required.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktick

40、kickquickApalato-alveolarconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush.Underline the words that end with a sound as required:AfricativepayhorsetoughricebreathpushsingwreathehangcavemessageAnasaltrainbangleaflimbAstopdrillpipefitcrabfogridelaughrackthroughti

41、pAnaffricate:racksuchridgebooze.Underline the words that contain the sound as required:Acentralvowel:madlotbutbootwordAfrontvowel:reedpadloadfatebitbedcookAroundedvowel:whohebusherhittruebossbarwalkAbackvowel:paidreapfooltopgoodfather.Describetheunderlinedconsonantsaccordingtothreedimensions:vd/vlpl

42、acemannerLetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither.PhonologyPhonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.Phonetics&phonologyBothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage-thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapp

43、roachandfocus.Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthes

44、esoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phone,phoneme,allophone.PhoneAphone-aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedont,e.g.bI:t&bIt,spIt&spIt.PhonemeAphoneme-isaphonologicalun

45、it;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticular sound,but it is represented by acertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext,e.g.thephoneme/p/canberepresenteddifferentlyinpIt,tIpandspIt.AllophoneAllophones-the phones that can represent aphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Phonemic contrast,c

46、omplementary distribution and minimal pair.Phonemic contrastPhonemiccontrast-differentordistinctivephonemesareinphonemiccontrast,e.g./b/and/p/inbItandpIt.Complementary distributionComplementarydistribution-allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccur

47、indifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.darkl&clearl,aspiratedp&unaspiratedp.Minimal pairMinimalpair-whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat

48、.Some rules of phonologySequentialrulesAssimilationruleDeletionrule.Sequential rulesSequentialrules-therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.Ifawordbeginswithalorar,thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.Sequential rulesIfthreeconso

49、nantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules,e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.a)thefirstphonememustbe/s/,b)thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/,c)thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.*N neveroccursininitialpositioninEnglishandstandardChinese,but

50、itdoesoccurinsomedialects,e.g.inCantonese:“牛肉，我，俄语”.Assimilation ruleAssimilationrule-assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar,e.g.theprefixinispronounceddifferentlywhenindifferentphoneticcontexts:indiscreetalveolarIninconceivablevelarIN input