《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件.ppt

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1、新编简明英语语言新编简明英语语言学教程学教程PPT课件课件The Goals for this CourselTo get a scientific view on language;lTo understand some basic theories on linguistics;lTo understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural communicati

2、on;lTo prepare for the future research work. The Requirements for this courselClass attendancelClassroom discussionlFulfillment of the assignmentlExamination Reference Booksl戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。l胡壮麟，(2001)，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。l刘润清，(1995)，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。lFromkin,V. & R. Rodman, (1998),

3、 An Introduction to Language the sixth edition, Orlando, Florida: Holt, Ranehart & Winston, Inc.Chapter 1. Introduction1. What is language? Language can meanlwhat a person says (e.g. bad language, expressions) lthe way of speaking or writing (e.g. Shakespeares language, Luxuns language)la particular

4、 variety or level of speech or writing (e.g. language for special purpose, colloquial language) lthe abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community (e.g. Chinese language, first language) lthe common features of all human languages (e.g. He studies language)la

5、tool for human communication. (social function) l a set of rules. (rule-governed) Sapirs definition (1921)l“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”Halls definition (1968)lLanguage is “the institutio

6、n whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”Chomskys definition (1957)l“From now on I will consider language to be a set of (finite or infinite) sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements

7、.”Language can be generally defined asa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language is a systemlSystematic- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; cant be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.Language is arbitrarylArbitrary- no intrin

8、sic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.Language is symbolic in naturelSymbolic- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”-Shakespeare Language is pr

9、imarily vocallVocal- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. Language is human-specific lHuman-specific- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.The design/defining features

10、 of human language (Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCultural transmissionArbitrariness -No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.lOnomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crack

11、le, bang, . Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang )lSome compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopyProductivity/creativity -Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we ca

12、n understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.lA gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixed repertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. lThe b

13、ee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk” about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desir

14、es Duality (double articulation) lLower level-sounds (meaningless)lHigher level-meaning (larger units of meaning)lA communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, for a far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regroup

15、ed into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.Displacement -Language can be used to refer to things, wh

16、ich are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. lA gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last yearlThere is something special about the bee dance though. Bees communicate with other bees about the food sources they have found when they

17、 are no longer in the presence of the food. In this sense, the bee dance has a component of displacement. But this component is very insignificant. For the bees must communicate about the food immediately on returning to the hive. They do not dance about the food they discovered last month nor do th

18、ey speculate about future discoveries.Cultural transmission-Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).lAnimal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gib

19、bons and bees.lA Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.lThe story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a hum

20、an being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language. Functions of language lPhatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact.lDirective: get the hearer to do something. lInformative: give information about facts. lInterrogative: get information from others.lExpres

21、sive: express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. lEvocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) lPerformative: language is used to do things, to perform actions. The origin of language lThe divine-origin theory- Language is a gift of God to mankind. l

22、The invention theory- imitative, cries of nature, the grunts of men working together. lThe evolutionary theory- the result of physical and psychological development.许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统.l当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;l当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;l当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.2.

23、What is linguistics? -Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. Four principles of linguistic studieslExhaustiveness/adequacy lConsistency lEconomy lObjectivity The scope or major branches of linguisticslTheoretical linguisticslPhoneti

24、cslPhonologylMorphologylSyntaxlSemanticslUse of linguisticslApplied linguisticslSociolinguisticslPsycholinguistics Theoretical linguisticslPhonetics-speech sound (description, classification, transcription): articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics.lPhonology-sound patterns of

25、languageslMorphology-the form of wordslSyntax-the rules governing the combination of words into sentence.lSemantics-the meaning of language (when the meaning of language is conducted in the context of language use-Pragmatics)Use of linguisticslApplied linguistics-linguistics and language teaching lS

26、ociolinguistics- social factors (e.g. class, education) affect language use lPsycholinguistics-linguistic behavior and psychological process lStylistics-linguistic and literature Some other applications lAnthropological linguisticslNeurolinguisticslComputational linguistics (e.g. machine translation

27、)Some important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive vs prescriptivelDescriptive - describe/analyze linguistic facts observed or language people actually use (modern linguistic)lPrescriptive -lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar)Synchronic vs dia

28、chroniclSynchronic study- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) lDiachronic study- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) Speech vs writinglSpeech - primary medium of languagelWriting - later developedLangue vs

29、 parole (F. de Saussure)lLangue - the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community.lParole - the realization of langue in actual use.lSaussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.Competence and performance (Chom

30、sky)lCompetence - the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language lPerformance - the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication lChomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.Traditional gr

31、ammar vs modern linguisticslTraditional grammar - prescriptive, written, Latin-based framework lModern linguistics - descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based framework Chapter 2 Phonology lLanguage is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not intereste

32、d in all sounds, but in speech sounds-sounds that convey meaning in human communication. Phonetics -A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. p bilabial, stop. Three branches of phonet

33、ics lArticulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”lAuditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how sounds are perceived”lAcoustic phonetics-from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Articulatory phonetic

34、s Speech organs: three important areas Pharyngeal cavity - the throat; The oral cavity - the mouth; Nasal cavity - the nose. The diagram of speech organslLipslTeethlTeeth ridge (alveolar)lHard palatelSoft palate (velum)lUvulalTip of tonguelBlade of tonguelBack of tonguelVocal cordslPharyngeal cavity

35、lNasal cavity Orthographic representation of speech sounds - A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.lBroad transcription - used in dict

36、ionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear l, pit l Narrow transcription - used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark l , aspirated p Some major articulatory variables - dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:lVoicing- voiced & voicelesslNasali

37、ty - nasal & non-nasal lAspiration - aspirated & unaspirated Classification of English speech sounds - English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:l Vowels l Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the a

38、irstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.Classification of consonants - English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions:lThe manner of articulation lThe place of articulationThe manner o

39、f articulationlstops/plosives: p, b, t, d, k, g;lfricatives: f, v, s, z, W, T, F, V, h;laffricates: tF, dV; lliquids: l(lateral), r; lnasals: m, n, N; lglides/semivowels: w, j. The place of articulationlbilabial: p, b, m, w;llabiodental: f , v;ldental: W, T;lalveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l, r;lpalatal: F

40、, V, tF, dV, j ;lvelar: k, g, N; lglottal: h.The place of articulationlBilabial;lLabiodental;lDental or interdental;lAlveolar;lPalatoalveolar;lPalatal;lVelar;lUvular;lGlottal.The description of English consonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar Glottal Stops or plo

41、sivesVL p t k VD b d g Frica-tivesVL f W s F hVD v T z V Affri-catesVL(tF )tFVD(dV)dVNasalsVDmn N LiquidsVDl, rGlides VDw j Classification of vowels - English vowels can be divided into two large categories:lMonophthongs or pure/single vowelslDiphthongs or gliding vowels Monophthongs or pure/single

42、vowels-According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:lfront vowels: I:, I, e, Z, A, B;lcentral vowels: E:, E, Q;lback vowels: u:, u, C:, C, B:. According to the openness of the mouth lClose: I:, I, u:, u.lSemi-close: e, E:; lSe

43、mi-open: E, C;lOpen: A, B, C, B:, Q;The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned: According to the shape of the lips orthe degree of lip rounding lrounded: u:, u, C:, C;lunrounded: I:, I, e, Z, A, B, E:, E, Q, B:. According to the length of the vowels llon

44、g: I:, E:, u:, C:, B:lshort: I, e, Z, A, E, Q, B, u, C. Diphthongs/gliding vowels lei, ai, aU, EU, Ri, iE, ZE, UE.Exercises: underline the words that begin with a sound as required.lA bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had ladlA velar consonant: nod god cod pod rodlLabiodental consonant: rat fa

45、t sat mat chat vat patlAn alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quicklA palato-alveolar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip ziplA dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie ryelA glide: one war yolk rushUnderline the words that end with a sound as required:lA fricative pay horse tough rice breath p

46、ush sing wreathe hang cave messagelA nasal train bang leaf limblA stop drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tiplAn affricate: rack such ridge boozeUnderline the words that contain the sound as required:lA central vowel: mad lot but boot wordlA front vowel: reed pad load fate bit bed cook

47、lA rounded vowel: who he bus her hit true boss bar walklA back vowel: paid reap fool top good fatherDescribe the underlined consonants according to three dimensions: VD/VL place manner LetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereitherPhonologylPhonology studies the patterning of speech

48、 sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics & phonologylBoth are concerned with the same aspect of language-the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.lPhonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech

49、sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.lPhonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to c

50、onvey meaning in linguistic communication. Phone, phoneme, allophone PhonelA phone- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some dont, e.g. bI:t & bIt , spIt & spIt.Phone