2010年考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！1/15 2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1。(10 points）。In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to su

2、pervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephoneparts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago。It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting_1_ workers productivity。Instead,the studies ended _2_ giving their name to the”Hawthorne effect，the extremely influential idea that t

3、he very to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior。The idea arose because of the _4_ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to _5_ of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased，but also when it was dimmed。It did not _6_ what was done in the experim

4、ent;_7_something was changed,productivity rose。A(n)_8_ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_ to alter workers behavior _10_itself.After several decades，the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis。Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12_the descriptions on recor

5、d，no systematic _13_ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to _14_ interpretation of what happed._15_，lighting was always changed on a Sunday。When work started again on Monday,output _16_

6、rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days。_18_,a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday，workers _19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before _20_ a plateau and

7、 then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged”Hawthorne effect”is hard to pin down.1。A affected B achieved C extracted D restored 2.A at B up C with D off 3。A truth B sight C act D proof 4.A controversial B perplexing C mischievous D ambiguous 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2/1

8、5 5。A requirements B explanations C accounts D assessments 6。A conclude B matter C indicate D work 7。A as far as B for fear that C in case that D so long as 8。A awareness B expectation C sentiment D illusion 9。A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant 10。A about B for C on D by 11。A compared B show

9、n C subjected D conveyed 12。A contrary to B consistent with C parallel with D peculiar to 13。A evidence B guidance C implication D source 14.A disputable B enlightening C reliable D misleading 15。A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual 16.A duly B accidentally C unpredictably D sudde

10、nly 17。A failed B ceased C started D continued 20。A breaking B climbing C surpassing D hitting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts。Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D。Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1 Of all the

11、 changes that have taken place in Englishlanguage newspapers during the past quartercentury,perhaps the most farreaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to

12、imagine a time when highquality arts criticism could be found in most bigcity newspapers。Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews。To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their

13、learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！3/15 We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II，at a ti

14、me when newsprint was dirtcheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those faroff days，it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered。Theirs was a serious busines

15、s,and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly，like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,could be trusted to know what they were about。These men believed in journalism as a calling，and were proud to be published in the daily press。“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enou

16、gh to keep their own end up in journalism，Newman wrote，“that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are。Unfortunately，these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus，who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly

17、 before his death in 1975，is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket。During his lifetime,though，he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics，a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947）became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967，the first music crit

18、ic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print，and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival？The prospect seems remote。Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death,and postmodern readers h

19、ave little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover，the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat。21。It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that A arts criticism has disappeared from bigcity newspapers。B Englishlanguage newspapers used t

20、o carry more arts reviews。C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers。D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies。22.Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by A free themes.B casual style。C elaborate layout。D radical viewpoints.23。Which of

21、the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on？A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！4/15 C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of jou

22、rnalistic writing.24。What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs？A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute。C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur trad

23、ition.25。What would be the best title for the text？A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory Text 2 Over the past decade，thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods。A received one

24、for its”oneclick”online payment system。Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy。One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on businessmethod patents，which have been controversial ever since th

25、ey were first authorized 10 years ago。In a move that has intellectualproperty lawyers abuzz the U。S。court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of businessmethod patents。In re Bilski，as the case is known,is”a very big deal”,says Dennis D.Cro

26、uch of the University of Missouri School of law.It”has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents。”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic aboutface，because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the socalled state Street Bank c

27、ase,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutualfund assets。That ruling produced an explosion in businessmethod patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions。Later，move established companies raced to add such pa

28、tents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch。In 2005，IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 businessmethod patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them。Similarly，some Wall Street investme

29、nt films armed themselves with patents for financial products，even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice。欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！5/15 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market。The Federal circuit issued an

30、 unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges，rather than a typical panel of three，and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should reconsider its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions b

31、y the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April，for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for”inventions”that are obvious。The judges on the Federal circuit are”reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court，says Har

32、old C.Wegner,a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26。Businessmethod patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy over au

33、thorization 27。Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices in the U.S。28.The word”about-face（Line 1，Para 3）most probab

34、ly means A loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of dignity 29。We learn from the last two paragraphs that businessmethod patents A are immune to legal challenges B are often unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of

35、risks 30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text？A A looming threat to businessmethod patents B Protection for business-method patent holders C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing trend against businessmethod patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point,Malc

36、olm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals，often called influentials，who 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！6/15 are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected。The idea is intuitively compelling,but it d

37、oesnt explain how ideas actually spread。The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the”two step flow of communication”：Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else。Marketers have embraced the two

38、-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials，those selected people will do most of the work for them。The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,brands，or neighborhoods。In many such cases,a cursory search for caus

39、es finds that some small group of people was wearing，promoting,or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention。Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends In their recent work，however，some researchers have come up with th

40、e finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed。In fact，they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfreywhose outsize presence

41、is primarily a function of media，not interpersonal,influenceeven the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others。Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who，according to the twostepflow theory，are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing t

42、heir friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however，each person so affected,must then influence his or her own acquaintances，who must in turn influence theirs，and so on；and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influentia

43、l。If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant，for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the cascade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people。Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the rese

44、archers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced。Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call global cascades

45、”the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but，rather，of a critical mass of easily influenced people,each of whom adopts，say,a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor。Regardless of how influential an individual is loc

46、ally，he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！7/15 31.By citing the book The Tipping Point，the author intends to A analyze the consequences of social epidemics B discuss influentials func

47、tion in spreading ideas C exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics D describe the essential characteristics of influentials。32.The author suggests that the”twostep-flow theory”A serves as a solution to marketing problemsB has helped explain certain prevalent trends C has won support

48、from influentialsD requires solid evidence for its validity 33。What the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public D most celebritie

49、s enjoy wide media attention 34.The underlined phrase these people in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who A stay outside the network of social influence B have little contact with the source of influence C are influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35.what is

50、 the essential element in the dynamics of social influence？A The eagerness to be accepted B The impulse to influence others C The readiness to be influenced D The inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been t