2018考研英语(一)真题及答案解析.pdf

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1、欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！2018 考研英语(一)真题及答案解析 D欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的

2、文档！A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on soc

3、ial media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of

4、Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspac

5、e.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personal respon

6、sibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peoples reliance on social medi

7、a led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information.A surv

8、ey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other

9、 words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mental

10、discipline in thinking skills and in their choices on when to share on social media.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubts on A the justification of the news-filtering practice.B peoples preference for social media platforms.C the administrations ability to handle in

11、formation.D social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to A sharpen B define C boast 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！D share 28.According to the knight foundation survey,young people A tend to voice their opinions in cyberspac

12、e.B verify news by referring to diverse resources.C have s strong sense of responsibility.D like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is A readers outdated values.B journalists biased reporting C readers misinterpretation D jour

13、nalists made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online B A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend C The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3

14、Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is v

15、ery great,but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 m

16、illion patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefu

17、lly scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.Ms Denham chose to concentrate the b

18、lame on the NHS trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed it.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of a

19、ll the data that our lives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions

20、more.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters

21、is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out

22、to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms Denhams report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?A It caused conflicts among tech giants.B It failed to pay due attention to patients rights.C It

23、 fell short of the latters expectations D It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with A empty promises.B tough resistance.C necessary adjustments.D sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that A privacy protection must be secured at a

24、ll costs.B leaking patients data is worse than selling it.C making profits from patients data is illegal.D the value of data comes from the processing of it 34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is A the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B the ineffective enforceme

25、nt of privacy law.C the uncontrolled use of new software.D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is A ambiguous.B cautious.C appreciative.D contemptuous.Text 4 The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a ne

26、t loss of$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016,the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technolog

27、ical 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality And interest groups ranging from postal uni

28、ons to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving

29、 the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved-Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the systems heaviest usershas finally agreed on a plan to fix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that woul

30、d save USPS an estimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among other survival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter step would largely offset the financial bu

31、rden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare,bare minimum necessary to keep the Posta

32、l Service afloat,not comprehensive reform.Theres no change to collective bargaining at the USPS,a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agencys costs.Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery.That common-sense change enjoys wide public

33、support and would save the USPS$2 billion per year.But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it,at least in the House.The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS.It is not,howev

34、er,a sign that theyre getting serious about transforming the postal system for the 21st century.36.The financial problem with the USPS is caused partly by A.its unbalanced budget.B.its rigid management.C.the cost for technical upgrading.D.the withdrawal of bank support.37.According to Paragraph 2,th

35、e USPS fails to modernize itself due to A.the interference from interest groups.B.the inadequate funding from Congress.C.the shrinking demand for postal service.D.the incompetence of postal unions.38.The long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions can be addressed by A.removing its burden of

36、retiree health care.欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！B.making more investment in new vehicles.C.adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.D.attracting more first-class mail users.39.In the last paragraph,the author seems to view legislators with A respect.B tolerance.C discontent.D gratit

37、ude.40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days B.The Postal Service:Keep Away from My Cheese C.The USPS:Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure D.The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid Part B Directions:The following paragraphs are

38、 given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)A.In December of 1869,

39、Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building.The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments.To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be

40、erected on the other side of the White House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected,and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B.Completed in 1875,the State Departments south wing was the first to be occupied,with its e

41、legant four-story library(completed in 1876),Diplomatic Reception Room,and Secretarys office decorated with carved wood,Oriental rugs,and stenciled wall patterns.The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879,where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office

42、 of the Secretary.C.The State,War,and Navy Building,as it was originally known,housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with formulating and conducting the nations foreign policy in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth cent

43、ury-the period when the United States emerged as an international power.The building has housed some of the nations most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D.Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that hav

44、e taken place within the EEOBs granite walls.Theodore and Franklin D.Roosevelt,William 欢迎您阅读并下载本文档，本文档来源于互联网，如有侵权请联系删除！我们将竭诚为您提供优质的文档！Howard Taft,Dwight D.Eisenhower,Lyndon B.Johnson,Gerald Ford,and George H.W.Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president.It has housed 16 Secretari

45、es of the Navy,21 Secretaries of War,and 24 Secretaries of State.Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E.The Eisenhower Executive Office Building(EEOB)commands a unique position in both the

46、national history and the architectural heritage of the United States.Designed by Supervising Architect of the Treasury,Alfred B.Mullett,it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State,War,and Navy Departments,and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empire

47、architecture in the country.F.Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing.When the EEOB was finished,it was the largest office building in Washington,with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled corridors.Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster;the use of

48、 wood was minimized to insure fire safety.Eight monumental curving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters are capped by four skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G.The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid.The first executive offic

49、es were constructed between 1799 and 1820.A series of fires(including those set by the British in 1814)and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building.In 1866,the construction of the North Wing of the Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Dep

50、artment building.41.42.43.44.45.Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Shakespeares life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achie