英语修辞写作—语法修辞篇 参考材料 Section 4 (2).docx

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1、Section 4 Grammatical Structure withRhetorical Effect (3):Rhetorical Division of SentencesI. Key to the Exercise1. Whats the relationship between the different ways of grammatical branching and rhetorical division of sentences?Find out the answer from the lecture.2. What are loose sentences, periodi

2、c sentences, balanced sentences and parenthetic sentences of rhetorical division? What arc the main characteristics of each of these sentences? Choose one or two examples from the sample texts to illustrate each of your points.Find out the answer from the lecture.3. What rhetorical type does each of

3、 the following sentences fall into?1) Bells rang, filling the air with their clangor, startling pigeons into flight from every belfry, bringing people into the streets to hear the news. - 9th Grade English at Bellaire High School (Loose simple)2) I express my appreciation to my collaborators, withou

4、t whom this work would not be possible: Dave Alsop, Ayanna Cooke, John Detre, Jim Gee, Phyllis Koenig, Virginia M. Y. Lee, John Q. Trojanowski, and Edgar Zurif.- Murray Grossman, Investigating the Neural Basis for Language in the Twenty-First Century, AP, 26 March, 2002 (Loose complex)3) While waiti

5、ng for the game to begin, the girls started telling jokes. - Module 6 (Periodic simple)4) They had hoped to deliver a knockout punch, but now, it seemed, the battle would continue for several more rounds. - Andrew Romano, A New Beginning, Newsweek. Jan 9, 2008 (Periodic compound)5) If men and women

6、had voted in the Democratic primary in equal numbers, Obama would have won. - How Hillary Did It, News Week, Jan 9, 2008 (Periodic complex)6) In order to defend and protect the women and children who were left on the plantations when the white males went to war, the slaves would have laid down their

7、 lives. - Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (Periodic complex)Loose SentenceRichard Nordquist, ADefinition:A sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by subordinate phrases and clauses. Contrast with periodic sentence. See also: Running Style.Examples and Observations:At its simples

8、t the loose sentence contains a main clause plus a subordinate construction:We must be wary of conclusions drawn from the ways of the social insects, since their evolutionary track lies so far from ours. (Robert Ardrey)The number of ideas in loose sentences is easily increased by adding phrases and

9、clauses, related either to the main constructions or to a preceding subordinate one:I found a large hall, obviously a former garage, dimly lit, and packed with cots.(Eric Hoffer)I knew I had found a friend in the woman, who herself was a lonely soul, never having known the love of man or child. (Emm

10、a Goldman)As the number of subordinate constructions increases, the loose sentence approaches the cumulative style.” (Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Guide to Writing. Oxford Univ. Press, 1988)“A loose sentence makes its major point at the beginning and then adds subordinate phrases and clauses that

11、develop or modify the point. A loose sentence could end at one or more points before it actually does, as the periods in brackets illustrate in the following example:It went up ., a great ball of fire about a mile in diameter., an elemental force freed from its bonds. after being chained for billion

12、s of years.A periodic sentence delays its main idea until the end by presenting modifiers or subordinate ideas first, thus holding the readers? interest until the end.(Gerald J. Aired, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Companion. Macmillan, 2007)3. Guide (3)Avoid a Successi

13、on of Loose SentencesA loose sentence is a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the work containing many loose sentences, the work often seems informal, rel

14、axed, and conversational.1The meaning of a loose sentence can be easily understood in the very beginning of the sentence, unlike a periodic sentence. This rule refers especially to loose sentences of a particular type: those consisting of two co-ordinate clauses, the second introduced by a conjuncti

15、on or relative. Although single sentences of this type may be unexceptionable, a series soon becomes monotonous and tedious.An unskillful writer will sometimes construct a whole paragraph of sentences of this kind, using as connectives and, but, and less frequently, who, which, when, where, and whil

16、e, these last in non-restrictive senses.Example:The third concert of the subscription series was given last evening, and a large audience was in attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra furnished the instrumental music.The former showed himself to be an arti

17、st of the first rank, while the latter proved itself fully deserving of its high reputation. The interest aroused by the series has been very gratifying to the Committee, and it is planned to give a similar series annually hereafter. The fourth concert will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an equal

18、ly attractive program will be resented.Apart from its triteness and emptiness, the paragraph above is bad because of the structure of its sentences, with their mechanical symmetry and sing-song flow. A strong paragraph is more than just a group of loose sentences about a particular topic. The senten

19、ces need to be clearly connected so that readers can follow along and can understand how one detail leads to the next.If the writer finds that he has written a series of sentences of the type described, he should rewrite enough of them to remove the monotony, replacing them by simple sentences, by s

20、entences of two clauses joined by a semicolon, by periodic sentences (where the point of the sentence comes at the end rather than the beginning) of two clauses, by sentences, loose or periodic, of three clauses-whichever best represent the real relations of the thought.4. Guide (4)Periodic Sentence

21、Dictionary: periodic sentenceA sentence in which the main clause or its predicate is withheld until the end; for example, Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the plane landed safely.Literary Dictionary: periodic sentenceperiodic sentence, a long sentence in which the completion o

22、f the syntax and sense is delayed until the end, usually after a sequence of balanced subordinate clauses. The effect is a kind of suspense, as the readers attention is propelled forward to the end, as in this sentence from Ann Radcliffes Romance of the Forest (1791), describing the heroines respons

23、e to an unwelcome sexual advance:While he was declaring the ardour of his passion in such terms, as but too often make vehemence pass for sincerity, Adeline, to whom this declaration, if honourable, was distressing, and if dishonourable, was shocking, interrupted him and thanked him for the offer of

24、 a distinction, which, with a modest, but determined air, she said she must refuse.WordNet: periodic sentenceThe noun has one meaning:Meaning #1: a complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clauseWikipedia: Periodic sentenceA periodic sentence is a sente

25、nce that is not grammatically complete until its end. Periodicity is accomplished by the use of parallel phrases or clauses at the opening or by the use of dependent clauses preceding the independent clauses; that is, the kernel of thought contained in the subject/verb group appears at the end of a

26、succession of modifiers. It is the opposite of a nuclear sentence.This type of sentence was created by Isocrates, an Ancient Greek rhetorician. Today, the term “period“ denotes the punctuation mark that the Britons call a full stop, citation neededRhetorical and literary usageThe periodic sentence i

27、s effective when it is used to arouse interest and curiosity, to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation.Out of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garment shaken,Over the woodlands brown and bare,Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent and soft, and slow,Descends the sno

28、w.”This, the first stanza of Longfellows Snowflakes,“ is a periodic sentence. It begins with a succession of parallel adverbial phrases (Out of the bosom”, “Out of the cloud-folds,4Over the woodlands,” “Over the harvest-fields), each followed by parallel modification (of the air,“ of her garment sha

29、ken,“ “brown and bare,“ forsaken,). However, the thought is not grammatically complete until the subject/verb group “Descends the snow“ finalizes the statement.Periodic sentences are common in Greek and Latin writers such as Cicero, who is generally considered to be the Western worlds master in this

30、 rhetorical device. English writers whose works arc famous for their wcll-craftcd periodic sentences include: Joseph Addison Sir Thomas Browne Sir Winston Churchill Edward Gibbon Samuel Johnson John Milton Thomas de Quincey Jeremy TaylorIn Russian, Tolstory excels at the periodic sentence. In this e

31、xample from War and Peace, translated by Aylmer and Louise Maude, Tolstoy creates a sentence that has periods on the word why:Only Countess Helene, considering the society of such people as the Bergs beneath her, could be cruel enough to refuse such an invitation. Berg explained so clearly why he wa

32、nted to collect at his house a small but select company, and why this would give him pleasure, and why though he grudged spending money on cards or anything harmful, he was prepared to run into some expense for the sake of good societythat Pierre could not refuse, and promised to come.5. Guide (5)Ba

33、lanced sentenceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIt has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Parallelism (rhetoric).A balanced sentence is a sentence that employs parallel structure of approximately the same length and importance.Examplesult was the best of times, it was the

34、 worst of times.(A Tale of Two Cities) 1White chickens lay white eggs, and brown chickens lay brown eggs; so if white cows give white milk, do brown cows give chocolateFrom Lincolns Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, two powerful examples:*But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate-we cannot co

35、nsecrate-we cannot hallow-this ground.,“.-that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.6. Guide (6)Parenthetical SentenceHi,which is the most suitable place for the parenthetical sentence?“When foreign learners write they feel the need, as native spea

36、kers do, to express their opinionsThanks a lot for your help!Re: parenthetical sentence“When foreign learners write they feel the need, as native speakers do, to express their opinions”Here, it means they and native speakers both feel the need.“When foreign learners write they feel the need to expre

37、ss their opinions, as native speakers do,“Here it means they express themselves in the same way that native speakers do. “When foreign learners write they feel the need to express, as native speakers do, their opinions.”Here it means that both they and native speakers feel the need to express opinio

38、ns when they write.Hope this helps.7. Guide (7)ParenthesisDParenthesis Pa*ren,the*sis (p.aJ*reAn,th-e*siAs),n.; pl.Parentheses. fNL., fr. Gr. parenqesis, fr. parentiqenai to put in beside, insert; para beside + en in + tiqenai to put, place. See Para-, En-, 2, and Thesis. 1913 Webster1. A word, phra

39、se, or sentence, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, a sentence which would be grammatically complete without it. It is usually inclosed within curved lines (see def. 2 below), or dashes. “Seldom mentioned without a derogatory parenthesis. -Sir T. Browne. 1913 WebsterDont

40、suffer every occasional thought to carry you away into a long parenthesis. - Watts. 1913 Webster2. (Print.) One of the curved lines () which inclose a parenthetic word or phrase. 1913 WebsterNote: Parenthesis, in technical grammar, is that part of a sentence which is inclosed within the recognized s

41、ign; but many phrases and sentences which are punctuated by commas are logically parenthetical. In def. 1, the phrase “by way of comment or explanation is inserted for explanation, and the sentence would be grammatically complete without it. The present tendency is to avoid using the distinctive mar

42、ks, except when confusion would arise from a less conspicuous separation. 1913 Webster47 Moby Thesaurus words for “parenthesis”: anastrophe, aside, broken thread, brokenness, chiasmus, disconnectedness, disconnection, discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinuity, discontinuousness, discreteness, d

43、isjunction, episode, fitfulness, hypallage, hyperbaton, hysteron proteron, incoherence, incompleteness, infix, injection, insert, insertion, insinuation, intercalation, inteijection, interlineation, interlocution, intermittence, interpolation, introduction, irregularity, metastasis, metathesis, non

44、sequitur, noncontinuance, nonlinearity, nonseriality, nonuniformity, obiter dictum, palindrome, remark, side remark, synchysis, tmesis, tossing-inSource： Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0Parenthesis1: either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material2: a message that departs f

45、rom the main subject syn: digression, asode. Excursus, divagation also: parentheses (pl)Source: WordNet (r) 2.0Parenthesis Pa*ren,the*sis, n.; pl. Parentheses. NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to put in beside, insert; ? beside + ? in + ? to put, place. See Para-. En-, 2, and Thesis.1. A word, phrase, or sente

46、nce, by way of comment or explanation, inserted in, or attached to, a sentence which would be grammatically complete without it. It is usually inclosed within curved lines (see def. 2 below), or dashes. Seldom mentioned without a derogatory parenthesis. Sir T. Browne.Dont suffer every occasional tho

47、ught to carry you away into a long parenthesis. -Watts.2. (Print.) One of the curved lines () which inclose a parenthetic word or phrase.Note: Parenthesis, in technical grammar, is that part of a sentence which is inclosed within the recognized sign; but many phrases and sentences which are punctuat

48、ed by commas are logically parenthetical. In def. 1, the phrase by way of comment or explanation is inserted for explanation, and the sentence would be grammatically complete without it. The present tendency is to avoid using the distinctive marks, except when confusion would arise from a less conspicuous separation.Source: Webster Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913)8. Guide (8)Writing StyleWikipediaThe Loose SentenceThe most common sentence in modern usage, the loose sentence begins with the main point (an independent clause), follo