英语修辞写作—语法修辞篇 参考材料 Section 3 (2).docx

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1、Section 3 Grammatical Structure withRhetorical Effect ：Rhetorical Use of Sentences inGrammatical PatternsL Key to the Exercise1. What are the structural features of the simple, compound and complex sentences? What types of writings can they be better applied to?Find out the answer in the lecture.2.

2、How are the italicized simple, compound and complex sentences effectively used in the following paragraphs?The most important substance in food is protein, which keeps the human body strong and healthy. Protein is found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, butter and cheese. These are the most expensi

3、ve foods. Many poor people, therefore, do not get enough protein. As a result their health suffers. In order to produce protein, we must grow plants, such as grass or corn, which we feed to animals. We then kill the animals or we use their products such as milk and eggs. This is an expensive method.

4、 This is why scientists have been searching for new and cheaper ways of producing protein. - Man and Foodn (Simple sentences used in plain writings)The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedic

5、ated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; t

6、hat we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. - Lyncoln, Gettysburg Address (Compound sentences used in pub

7、lic speeches)The father, if married to the mother at the time she receives a partial-birth abortion procedure, and if the mother has not attained the age of 18 years at the time of the abortion, the maternal grandparents of the fetus, may in a civil actionoffense under section 2, 3, or 4 of this tit

8、le based on a violation of this section.n 16 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT24. - the table of chapters for part I of title 18, United States Code25, is amended by inserting after the item relating to chapter 73 the following new item:-Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003，,passed in the 108th Congress, 1st

9、 Session1. affect 影响2. partial-birth abortion 半出生堕胎3. vaginally经产道(生产)4. deliver 生产5. fetus胚胎，胎儿6. subsection 次条(次款)7. enactment 颁布8. deliberately 故意地9. head-first presentation 头先露10. breech presentation 臀先露11. fetal trunk 胎儿躯干12. navel 脐13. overt act公开行为14. osteopathy 正骨疗法15. maternal 母系的16. relief

10、债务免除，救济17. plainHff 起诉人18. psychological 心理(学)上的19. statutory法律上的20. defendant 被告21. offense 原告22. findings法律询答结论23. clerical amendment 文书修正24. Urdted States Code 美国法典4. Sample (4):Declarative Sentences in DeclarationThe Declaration of Independence of theThirteen Colonies (Excerpt)1. When in the Cou

11、rse of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve1 the political bands2 which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station3 to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature5s God entitle4 them, a decent respect to the opinion

12、s of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel5 them to the separation.2. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed6 by their Creator with certain unalienable7 Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Ha

13、ppiness. 一 That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted8 among Men, deriving9 their just powers from the consent of the governed, - That whenever any Form of Government becomesdestructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish10 it, and to institute new Govern

14、ment, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient11 causes; and accordingly all

15、experience hath12 shewn13 that mankind are more disposed14 to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train15 of abuses and usurpations16, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them und

16、er absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. - Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains17 them to alter their former Systems of Government.

17、The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted18 to a candid19 world.IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776, The unanimous Declaration

18、 of the thirteen united States of America”10. abolish 废除11. transient 暂时的12. hath = has13. shewn = shown14. disposed有.倾向的15. train 一连串16. usurpation 篡夺17. constrain 约束18. submit 提交3. dissolve 解散4. bands联合，约束5. station 地位6. entitle赋予权利，授权7. impel 迫使8. endow 赋予9. unalienable不可剥夺的10. unalienable 仓U立11.

19、 derive 得自5. Sample (5):I Have a Dreamby Martin Luther King, Jr,(The full version of Martin Luther Kings famous I have a dreamHspeech.)Delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. onAugust 28, 1963. Source: Martin Luther King, Jr: The Peaceful Warrior,Pocket Books, NY 1968.I am

20、happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of ho

21、pe to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity. But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free.One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still

22、 sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and

23、finds himself an exile in his own land.So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition. In a sense we have come to our nation*s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were s

24、igning a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color ar

25、e concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked insufficient funds. But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportun

26、ity of this nation.So we have come to cash this check - a check that w川 give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the

27、 tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of Gods children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to th

28、e solid rock of brotherhood.It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negros legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen six

29、ty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights.The w

30、hirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be gu

31、ilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline, we must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again w

32、e must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that thei

33、r destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, When will you be satisfied? we can n

34、ever be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro*s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as a Neg

35、ro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great tria

36、ls and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the

37、 faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back toLouisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to

38、 you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident:

39、that all men are created equal.M I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering wit

40、h the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.I have a dream tha

41、t one day the state of Alabama, whose governors lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters a

42、nd brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places w川 be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.

43、This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we w

44、ill be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.This will be the day when all of Gods children will be able to sing with a new meaning, My country, tis of thee, sweet land of liberty,

45、 of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring/* And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New Yor

46、k. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tenn

47、essee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God*s children, bl

48、ack men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Tree at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!,6. Sample (6): Active VoiceSports Narrative - Track State Champion:Personal Narrative

49、- Track State ChampionWith shaky knees, I hesitantly made my way up the large white steps. With the back of my hand, I brushed away a few salty tears of relief. As I stood at the top of the podium and looked up into the packed stadium, my mind drifted back to everything I had gone through to achieve this moment, the day I became a state champion.The start of the 2002 track season found me