英语六级备考writing.ppt

《英语六级备考writing.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语六级备考writing.ppt（37页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、大学英语四六级辅导概要作文篇作文考点作文考点v任何一篇四六级作文都包括以下三个基本的考点：任何一篇四六级作文都包括以下三个基本的考点：v词汇（单词、短语掌握得越多固然越好，但是关词汇（单词、短语掌握得越多固然越好，但是关键还是取决于考生是否能合理有效的运用。如键还是取决于考生是否能合理有效的运用。如：This activity has been cancelled,which have made everyone involved hard to believe./It is unbelievable that the activity should have been cancelled.）

2、v语法（时态、搭配、句型、单复数、词性等。如语法（时态、搭配、句型、单复数、词性等。如：As is know to all,our human body health consist two aspectsphysically and mentally healthy.）v逻辑、层次（一篇作文能否得高分，逻辑和层次逻辑、层次（一篇作文能否得高分，逻辑和层次也占有非常重要的地位。）也占有非常重要的地位。）vSample 1vA career is not easy to choose.It is one of the most important decisions you will make

3、in your life.Find the right career,and you will be happy and successful.Find the wrong career,and you may be unhappy and unsuccessful.You should explore your choice of occupation from every angle.You should collect as much information as you can.You should try different kinds of work before making u

4、p your mind.You should evaluate yourself.You should make sure of your interests and talents.v(条理不清，逻辑性差条理不清，逻辑性差)vSample 2vThere are many ways to improve your English.Like many English learners,you can learn English well through some traditional ways,such as attending an English class in a classroom

5、,reading English newspapers,listening to English news on the radio or watching English programs on TV.Nowadays,some modern methods may help you be a more successful English learner.For example,learning English via English-learning softwares has been found an effective way by many learners.Besides,mi

6、llions of English learners benefit a lot from online learning.As the proverb says,“All roads lead to Rome.”v（主次分明，层次清楚）（主次分明，层次清楚）考生作文常见错误与分析考生作文常见错误与分析 v一一 不一致（不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等时态不一致及代词不一致等 ve.g.When one have money,he can do what he wan

7、t to.(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。)v剖析：剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为应改为has;同理，同理，want应改为应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致本句是典型的主谓不一致 v改为：改为：Once one has money,he can do what he wants(to do).v二二 修饰语错位（修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化不同的位置，句子的含义可能引

8、起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解重视，因而造成了不必要的误解ve.g.I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.v剖析：剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末位置不当，应置于句末 v三三 句子不完整（句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不句子完全可以

9、被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清完整会令意思表达不清.这种情况常常发生在主句写完以这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生 ve.g There are many ways to know the society.For example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.v剖析：本句后半部分剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV,radio,newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立不连贯的词语，不能

10、独立v改为：改为：There are many ways to know society,for example,by TV,radio,and newspaper.v四四 悬垂修饰语（悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清辑关系混乱不清ve.g.At the age of ten,my grandfather died.v这句中这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没只点出十岁时，但没有说明有说明“谁谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是十岁时按一般推理不可能是my gr

11、andfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了一点，全句就不那么费解了v改为改为:When I was ten,my grandfather died.v五五 词性误用词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等容词当副词用；名词当动词用等 ve.g None can negative the importance of money.v剖析：剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。系形容词，误作动词。v改为：改为：N

12、one can deny the importance of money.v六六 指代不清指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：vMary was friendly to my sister so she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，所以她要她做她的伴娘。玛丽和我姐姐很要好，所以她要她做她的伴娘。)v读完上面这一句话，读者无

13、法明确地判断两位姑娘读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：这个句子可改为：vMary was friendly to my sister so she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.v七七 不间断句子不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫什么叫run-on sentence,请看下面的例句。请看下面的例句。ve.g There are

14、many ways we get to know the outside world.v剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.”以及以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。v改为：改为：There are many ways for us to know the outside world.或：或：There are many ways through which we can know the outside worl

15、d.v八八 措词毛病措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。当的错误比比皆是。ve.g The increasing use of chemical obstacles

16、 in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)v剖析：显然，考生把剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍障碍”，“障碍物障碍物”误作误作substance“物质物质”了。另外了。另外“the increasing use(不断不断增加的使用增加的使用)”应改为应改为“abusive use(滥用滥用)”。v改为：改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pol

17、lution.v九九 累赘累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：从句或句子。如：vIn spite of the fact that he is lazy,I like him.v本句的本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同位语从句，我们按系同位语从句，我们按照上述照上述“能用词组的不用从句能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：可以改为：In spite of his laz

18、iness,I like him.ve.g For the people who are diligent and kind,money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.v剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：改为：People,diligent and kind,use money only to buy what they need.v十十 不连贯不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的

19、毛病。畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。ve.g The fresh water,it is the most important things of the earth.v剖析：剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的与逗号后的it 不连贯。不连贯。It 与与things 在数方面不一致。在数方面不一致。v改为：改为：The fresh water is the most important thing in the world.v十一十一 综合性语言错误综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)所谓所谓“综合性语言错误综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错，是指除了上述

20、十种错误以外，还有诸如语态，标点符号，大小写等方误以外，还有诸如语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。面的错误。ve.gToday,Money to everybody is very importance.vToday,money is very important to everybody.作文文体作文文体v作文可分为四大文体：叙述文，描写文，说明文，议论文。作文可分为四大文体：叙述文，描写文，说明文，议论文。vNarrative:to tell the reader what happened(facts-telling)vDescriptive:to make a picture viv

21、id to the reader(impressive&attractive,but not ordinary)vExpositive:to make the reader understand by defining,dividing,illustrating,comparing&contrasting,showing causes&effects,following a process,analyzing and so on (cause-searching)vArgumentative:to win the readers agreement by defending a positio

22、n(idea-convincing,or thought provoking)v现行的四六级作文虽仍以说明文和议论文为主，但是有时两现行的四六级作文虽仍以说明文和议论文为主，但是有时两者可能同时出现于一篇文章中，即论说文。者可能同时出现于一篇文章中，即论说文。v说明文（三个基本类型）：说明文（三个基本类型）：v一般性的说明文用于解释和分析社会现象或社会一般性的说明文用于解释和分析社会现象或社会问题。这要求考生对某种社会现象产生的原因及问题。这要求考生对某种社会现象产生的原因及其可能造成的种种影响或应采取的措施进行分析其可能造成的种种影响或应采取的措施进行分析和说明。此类文章的基本结构如下和说明

23、。此类文章的基本结构如下(drug abuse)：vParagraph 1 phenomenon(现象现象)Paragraph 2 reasons(原因原因)Paragraph 3 suggestions or solutions(措施措施)vSample 1:v Drug abuse among young people has become more and more prevalent over recent years.(主题句主题句)Statistics show that the number of youth drug users almost doubles in the pa

24、st three years.(数据支撑数据支撑)It is vital to analyze why drugs are so attractive to young people and what can be done to combat it.(承上启下承上启下)Firstly,teenagers are under increasing pressure-this may be peer pressure or pressure to succeed for example.Drug use may help them escape reality,forget their prob

25、lems,or simply feel more accepted by others.(原因原因1)In addition,through the media we are exposed to information that glamorizes drug use and makes it look attractive,particularly to young people.(原因原因2)Furthermore,teenagers are usually naturally curious about drugs,and drug dealers can take advantage

26、 of this curiosity for their own profit.(原因原因3)High fines and prison sentences should also be imposed on drug dealers and users.(措施措施1)However,it is my own personal view that prevention is better than cure and so a good education programmed about the dangers of drug abuse is one of the most importan

27、t steps any government should take.(措施措施2)v比较性说明文用于比较两种或几种类似的比较性说明文用于比较两种或几种类似的事物，要求考生通过比较它们各自的优点事物，要求考生通过比较它们各自的优点或缺点，说明自己的看法，并加以论证。或缺点，说明自己的看法，并加以论证。这种文章的基本结构如下这种文章的基本结构如下(mobile phone)：vParagraph 1 phenomenon(现象现象)Paragraph 2 advantages(优点优点)Paragraph 3 disadvantages(缺点缺点)Paragraph 4 comments(结论结

28、论)vSample 2:A mobile phone is getting increasingly popular.(主题句主题句)Statistics show that eight out of ten college students have got one.(数据支撑数据支撑)However,as is the case with many issues,a mobile phone has both positive and negative aspects.(承上启下承上启下)On the positive side,a mobile phone allows calls to

29、 be made instantly from almost any location.This can be vital where emergency services need to be called to the scene of a crime,accident or fire,where no public telephone is nearby.(优点优点1)Meanwhile,a mobile phone can serve as a connection to the Internet,which can be extremely convenient for obtain

30、ing information wherever you may be.(优点优点2)The fact that a mobile phone allows a person to be contacted at any time can in itself be a disadvantage.For instance,an employee may,via the mobile phone,be constantly available to his employer and feels that he never leaves work.This may cause distress.(缺

31、点缺点1)Another disadvantage is the perceived health risks associated with its use.Some people believe that using mobile phones for long periods can damage the brain.(缺点缺点2)There is no denying that a mobile phone has both benefits and drawbacks but on balance perhaps the advantages of a mobile phone ou

32、tweigh its disadvantages since a mobile has become an integral part of modern life.(结论结论)v图表写作也属于说明文的类型，这种文章图表写作也属于说明文的类型，这种文章通常结构是：通常结构是：vParagraph 1 change(变化变化)Paragraph 2 reasons(原因原因)Paragraph 3 conclusion(effects)(结论结论)vSample 3:The period 19952005 witnessed a rapid increase in the number of p

33、eople in City X traveling abroad.It can be seen that,in 1995,only about 10,000 people in this city went overseas while in 2000 this number quickly rose to 40,000.In 2005,however,the number of overseas traveler surged to over 120,000,which is more than 10 times as many as that of 1995.(变化变化)This chan

34、ge can be accounted for by a couple of factors.First,along with social and economy progress,the living standard of the Chinese people has been greatly enhanced,so they have enough money and time to travel abroad.Meanwhile,more and more people want to enjoy themselves and broaden their vision by visi

35、ting overseas historical places and experiencing exotic cultures.(原因原因)Overseas travel has a profound effect on both individuals and the society.It can widen our peoples horizons,promote friendship and enhance cultural interaction.In the meantime,it can also boost our social economy and make our soc

36、iety more prosperous and dynamic.Its good for our nations progress.(结论结论)v议论文：议论文：v议论文的第一种形式是要求考生针对某一有争议议论文的第一种形式是要求考生针对某一有争议性的两种观点，来阐述自己的立场，或对这一问性的两种观点，来阐述自己的立场，或对这一问题反映出的某一观点进行驳斥，然后提出自己的题反映出的某一观点进行驳斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以论证。它的基本形式是：一些人认为看法并加以论证。它的基本形式是：一些人认为；另一些人认为；另一些人认为；我的看法；我的看法。v例如：例如：1.有人认为名字很重要有人认为名字

37、很重要v2.也有人认为无关紧要也有人认为无关紧要v3.我认为我认为vOn the importance of a namev Some people think that a name is very important.（总起句）（总起句）Most parents would look into the dictionary,search on the internet,or even go to some fortune-tellers for great names for their children.They believe that a name would affect ones

38、 future events such as marriage,career or even life span.Thats why some people,after they grow up and find their own names not to their own taste,would change their names.v However,others disagree（总起句）（总起句）.They are saying that a name is just made as a way of calling a person.And ones fate is decide

39、d by his/her own efforts.They believe that parents shouldnt pay too much attention or money on naming their children.Whats important is that they should give them the right education to make sure they grow up to be nice people.v As for me,I have to say I agree with the latter more.（总起句）（总起句）I mean s

40、urely a beautiful name would be wonderful itself,but it doesnt make your life better.We should make our life better by our efforts but not names.v两种文体的异同点：两种文体的异同点：v同：两者文体的用词都较为书面、正式，都以称述句为主；同：两者文体的用词都较为书面、正式，都以称述句为主；两者对于连接词的要求都较高；两者对于连接词的要求都较高；v异：两者的目的不一样。说明文是为了向读者解释或阐述异：两者的目的不一样。说明文是为了向读者解释或阐述某种现象

41、，以让人了解知道为目的；（无需在说明时带有某种现象，以让人了解知道为目的；（无需在说明时带有个人的观点。如：污染原因个人的观点。如：污染原因包括社会和个人的，不用在包括社会和个人的，不用在这些原因里夹杂个人的观点）；而议论文是为了说理，以这些原因里夹杂个人的观点）；而议论文是为了说理，以让人信服为目的。客观性很强（除非要求称述个人观点，让人信服为目的。客观性很强（除非要求称述个人观点，否则类似于否则类似于I,I think,may,could,would等尽量避免使用）等尽量避免使用）；v说明文一般说明某个现象或问题时时，或从主到次，或从说明文一般说明某个现象或问题时时，或从主到次，或从大到小

42、，分层分类逐步说明，不要重复啰嗦；议论文议论大到小，分层分类逐步说明，不要重复啰嗦；议论文议论某个观点时，论点最好是由一般到个别，也即熟悉到生疏；某个观点时，论点最好是由一般到个别，也即熟悉到生疏；高分作文要求高分作文要求 v语法错误少；单词、短语使用恰当；拼写、标点正语法错误少；单词、短语使用恰当；拼写、标点正确；词汇和句型的丰富多变（同义词替换：确；词汇和句型的丰富多变（同义词替换：think可可以替换为以替换为reckon,assume,argue等词；句型要长等词；句型要长短句相结合，同时不要拘泥于主谓宾句型，可以使短句相结合，同时不要拘泥于主谓宾句型，可以使用主系表、过去分词和现在分

43、词短语作状语、不定用主系表、过去分词和现在分词短语作状语、不定式短语作状语、状语从句等多种句型）；整个文章式短语作状语、状语从句等多种句型）；整个文章连贯、通顺（说明文层次分明，议论文有理有据）连贯、通顺（说明文层次分明，议论文有理有据）写作步骤写作步骤 v1.审题（审题（1min）v2.拟定草稿（拟定草稿（5-8mins）v确定主题句（最保险的就是将文中每段的要求翻译成英文确定主题句（最保险的就是将文中每段的要求翻译成英文或扩充）。如：或扩充）。如：v08/6:(1)娱乐活动多种多样娱乐活动多种多样(Nowadays,a multitude of/various recreational a

44、ctivities appear in peoples life,such asranging fromto)v(2)娱乐活动可以使人受益，也可能带来危害娱乐活动可以使人受益，也可能带来危害(Some people believe that recreational activities is beneficial to us while others hold an opposite view.)v(3)作为大学生，我认为作为大学生，我认为(As a college student,I think)v段落中的关键词句（段落中的关键词句（evidences:maintain good heal

45、th,physically or mentally;affect ones studywork,little rest.）v3.成文（成文（15-20mins）v4.检查（检查（1-3mins）注意事项注意事项 v四级作文如果量化成句数，只需写四级作文如果量化成句数，只需写10句左右；六级句左右；六级只需只需12句左右。全文应以短句为主，长短句相结合。句左右。全文应以短句为主，长短句相结合。所谓短句是指所谓短句是指10个词左右的句子，不能全篇都是个词左右的句子，不能全篇都是5、6个词的短句。同时，全文应有一定数量的长句，个词的短句。同时，全文应有一定数量的长句，一般一般1520词即可，太长则易

46、冗赘。有的同学以为词即可，太长则易冗赘。有的同学以为只写长句不写短句，就能取得高分，实际上老师看只写长句不写短句，就能取得高分，实际上老师看长句会觉得很累，以为你不会写短句，通常不会给长句会觉得很累，以为你不会写短句，通常不会给高分。如果一篇中文作文每句都高分。如果一篇中文作文每句都30多个字，定然晦多个字，定然晦涩难懂，英文也不例外。精炼的短句可以放在段首涩难懂，英文也不例外。精炼的短句可以放在段首表示强调；表示强调；复杂的长句可以进行具体的论证、举例复杂的长句可以进行具体的论证、举例或描述。或描述。四六级作文经典替换词四六级作文经典替换词 v1.individuals,characters

47、,folks替换替换(people,persons)v2:positive,favorable,rosy(美好的美好的)，promising(有希望的有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替替换换good v3:dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的有害的)替换替换badv4.(an amount of,a large number of,a multitude of,a host of,a great deal of)替换替换many或或much.v5:quiet a few

48、,several替换替换some v6:affair,business,matter 替换替换thing v7:shared 代代 common v8:for my part,from my own perspective 替换替换 in my opinion v9:increasing(ly),growing 替换替换more and more(注意没有注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.)ve.g.sth has gained growing p

49、opularity.v10.beneficial,rewarding替换替换helpful,v11.exceedingly,extremely,intensely 替换替换very v12.capture ones attention替换替换attract ones attention.v13.facet,demension,sphere代代aspect v14.give rise to,lead to,result in 替换替换cause.v15.There are several reasons behind sth 替换替换.reasons for sth v16.desire 替换替

50、换want.v17.pour attention into 替换替换pay attention to v18.bear in mind that 替换替换remember v19.enjoy,possess 替换替换have v20.next to/virtually impossible,替换替换nearly/almost impossible四六级作文框架句型四六级作文框架句型 v一一)原因原因 v1.The factors that contribute to this situation include.v2.The answer to this problem involves ma