(1986—-2012)考研英语历年真题、答案及解析).docx

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1、201 2年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.

2、(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the courts reputation for being independ

3、ent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make

4、 itself 6 to the code of conduct that7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent po

5、sitions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like lib

6、erty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That wo

7、uld make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1. Aemphasize recognizeB maintainC modifyD2. AwhenBlestC beforeD unless3. Arestored eliminatedB weakenedC establishedD4. AchallengedB compromisedC suspectedD accepted5.A advanced edB caughtC boundD found6.

8、A resistantB subjectCimmuneD prone7.A resortss8.B sticksC loadsDapplieA evadeB raiseCdenyD settle9.A lineB barrierC similarityD conflict10.A byBasCthoughD towards11.A soB sinceC providedD though12.A serveB satisfyC upsetDreplace13.A confirmB expressC cultivateD offer14. AguardedB followedC studiedDt

9、ied15.A concepts pt ionsB theoriesC divisionsDconce16.A excludesB questionsC shapesD controls17.A dismissed edB releasedC rankedD distort18.A suppress eB exploitC addressDignor19.A accessible eB amiableC agreeableDaccountabl20. A by all mesns resultB at all costsCin a wordDas aSection II Reading Com

10、prehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we h

11、ear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dyna

12、mics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. I nSouth A

13、frica, an HIV-prevent ion initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for health

14、y habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. Dare to be different, please dont smoke! pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenbergargues convincingly that public-health advocate

15、s ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenbergis less persuasive. Join the Oub is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressu

16、re so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer group

17、s exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less cer

18、tain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the p

19、roblem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause o

20、f undesirable behaviors22. Rosenbergholds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and

21、 biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingD produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizi

22、ng itD can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profound D questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked ju

23、stified outrage in Vermontlast week when it announced it was reneqinq on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality ofVermonfs rules in the federal court, as part

24、of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation boughtVermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor inVernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company

25、agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject toVermontlegislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitme

26、nts, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management- especially after the co

27、mpany made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has re

28、gulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, ther

29、e are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by g

30、oing to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to kee

31、p it open for another 20 years. But as theNuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase reneging on(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By ent

32、ering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA ma

33、nagerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29. In the authors view, the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power o

34、ver nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is don

35、e, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the

36、 context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. 3portunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as proto

37、science. Smilar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, /70i4 becomes the communitys anyone,

38、anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific commu

39、nity, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.

40、As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility p

41、rocess. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not research. Not surprisingly, newly published discov

42、ery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described di

43、scovery as 11 seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, c

44、redibility happens to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.31. According to the first paragraph, the p

45、rocess of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.B shared efforts.C individual wisdom.D p

46、ersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.B has been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.D has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albe

47、rt Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.D Challenge to