因果关系causeandeffect.ppt

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1、Unit 1WaysofDevelopingParagraph(DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect)Inourdailyconversation,questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.Thisshowsthatcausalanalysisisverycommon;itissomethingwearefamiliarwith.Causalanalysisexplainsthecause-effectrelationshipbetweentwoormoresubjects.Causestellreaderswhysomethingha

2、ppened.Forexample,smokingcauseslungcancer.(Smokingisoneofthecausesoflungcancer.)Effectsaretheresultsofsomething.Forexample,twelvethousandsmokersdiefromlungcancereveryyear.(Lungcancerisoneoftheeffectsofsmoking.)Definition Soundreasoningorlogicisnaturallythemostimportantqualityofanycausalanalysis.Buti

3、tisnotalwayseasytoexplaincausesandeffectsclearlyandlogically.Onereasonforthisisthataneffectmayhavemanycausesandacausemayhavemanyeffects.Sowemustbethoroughinourdiscussionandcarefulinourselectionofdetails.CharacteristicsAdviceabouthowtousecause-effecttodevelopaparagraph1.Beforewestarttowrite,wemustthi

4、nkcarefullyandworkoutalistofcausesandeffects,andfindoutthelogicalrelationshipbetweenthem.Logicalthinkingisparticularlyimportantinwritingparagraphsofcauseandeffect.2.Whenwewrite,wehadbetterputtheimportantcauseoreffectatthebeginningoftheparagraph.3.Usesomewordsorphrasesthatusedfordiscussingcauseandeff

5、ectwhenitisnecessary.ProcedureStepsforwritingacauseandeffectessay:1)Distinguishbetweencauseandeffect2)Developyourthesisstatement3)Findandorganizesupportingdetails(statistics,examples,etc)Chronological(按年代顺序）Achronologicalorganizationmeansarrangingthediscussionbyfollowingthetimesequenceinwhichactuale

6、ventshappened.Thisorganizationiseffectivefortopicswhichinvolvenarratinghowsomethinghappenedthroughaperiodoftime.Guidelines OrderofimportanceInananalysiswhichinvolvesmultiplecausesandeffects,youcaneitherarrangethefactorsfromtheleastimportantonestothemostimportantones,orfromthemostimportanttotheleasti

7、mportantones.Theformerorganizationwouldbuildtoaclimax,whilethelatterorganizationwouldpresentthestrongestfactorfirsttoimpressthereader.Categorical（按类别顺序）Youcanalsogroupthevariousfactorsintodifferentcategories(political,social,financial,personal,psychological,etc)andarrangethemaccordingly.4)Usingappro

8、priatetransitionsGuidelines 主题句“因”，“因果”型语段主题句“果”，“果因”型语段主题句“果”，发展句分析“因”，再次归纳论点，“果-因-果”型语段“因-果-因-果”型语段Typesofcausesandeffects Supposethetopicsentenceis:“MoreandmorefertilelandinChinaistakenupbynewbuildings.”Intherestoftheparagraphtheeffectsofthisdevelopmentshouldbementioned,suchasthereductionofthegra

9、inoutput,increasingenvironmentalproblems,toomanypeasantsmovingintothecities,etc.(singlecause-multipleeffects)Sample1 Supposethetopicsentenceis:“Inthepastfewyears,highereducationhasbecomelessimportanttoyoungpeoplethanitwaspreviously.”Thisisaneffect.Itshouldbefollowedbyadiscussionofthecauseofthiseffec

10、t,suchasthepressureoffiercecompetition,betteropportunitiesandcollegesbeingout-dated,andsoforth.(singleeffect-multiplecauses)Sample2 Thetwo-dayweekendissincerelypopularwithcollegestudents.Itoffersstudentsmoreleisuretimefortheirhobbiesandentertainments,whichhelpthemrelaxcompletelyafterfive-dayhardwork

11、.Italsorelievesthepressureonthemfromtoomanycoursesandassignments.Therefore,manystudentstrytoenjoythemselvesinmanyinterestingwayssuchasgoingcampingandhavingapotluckparty.(effect-causes-effect)Sample3 Althoughblackshad“freedom”inalegalsense,mostofthemstilldidnothaveanyeducationoreconomicindependence.C

12、onsequently,theywerehelplesstoparticipatesignificantlyinthepoliticalprocesstotrytoimprovetheirstatus.Exceptforfarmwork,mostformerslaveshadnoskills.Asaresult,manyblackswentbacktoworkforthesamewhitepeoplewhousedtobetheirmasters.(causalchain)Sample4 Because,since,for,as,becauseof,dueto,owingto,asaresul

13、tof,resultfrom,onaccountof,onthegroundof,thanksto,onthegroundthat,forthesakeof,attributetoTherefore,so,asaresult,consequently,asaconsequence,accordingly,becauseofthis,thus,hence,forthisreason,resultin,leadto,contributeto,beresponsiblefor,sothatUsefulWordsandExpressionsTwomajorfactorscontributedtodev

14、astatingsummerfloodingalongtheYangtzeRiveranditstributaries.First,erosionresultingfromexcessivedeforestationintheupperreachesoftheriverand,second,heavysiltingwhichraisedtheriverbedinthemainchannel.两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床。UsefulSentencePatternsTheexplanationforthe

15、phenomenonoftherisingteenagesuiciderateinvolvesmanycomplicatedfactors.Someattributetherisetoanoveremphasisonearlysuccess,otherspointtomountingpeerpressure,andstillotherstoconfusionoverchangingsocialvalues.对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素。有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功，有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力，还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的。Usefu

16、lSentencePatterns Identifyingthereasonsforanemergingphenomenonwhichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactorsisfarfromaneasytask.Forexample,somescientistsattributeenvironmentaldeteriorationtoaseriesofnaturalfactors,whileothersplacetheblamesolelyoninappropriatehumanbehavior.要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事。例如，一些科学家把环

17、境的恶化归结为一些自然因素，而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上UsefulSentencePatterns Whathassparkedtheincreasinginterestinexercise?Foronething,peoplehavegainedagreaterawarenessoftheneedforphysicalfitness.Foranother,theconstantlyimprovingstandardoflivingenablesChinesepeopletopatronizetheincreasingnumberofrecreationalvenues.Them

18、ainthingperhapscentersonthehealthcareandpsychologicalbenefitsexerciseprovides.什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣？一方面，人们更加清楚地意识到保持健康的必要性。另一方面，不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出。最主要的可能在于锻炼带来的保健和心理上的好处。UsefulSentencePatterns Therapidlyemergingsexualrevolutionhasbeenaccompaniedbymanydisturbingtrends.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequen

19、cescenterontherapidspreadofsexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs),risingprostitutionandtheriseinAIDScases.伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势，最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延，卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多。UsefulSentencePatterns Thedeepimpactofopeningtotheoutsideworldisreadilydiscernibleinanumberofareas:theadoptionofmanyWesternhabits,bothgoodandbad

20、;changingsocialandmoralvalues;thetrendtowardsindividualism;andtheintroductionofstate-of-the-artconceptsandtechnology.ThekeytoadoptingWesternwaycentersonacceptingthegoodandrejectingthebad.对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到：模仿西方的习惯，包括好的和坏的；改变社会和道德价值观；个人主义的趋势；引进已发展的概念和技术。采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华，去其糟粕。UsefulSentencePatternsTobr

21、ainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthetopicGirlsdontdoaswellatmathandscienceasboysGirlsdontdoaswellatmathandscienceasboys.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyarentencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinmathandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolv

22、ingorunderstandinghowthingswork.Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills.Asaresult,theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections.In-classPracticeSecond,studieshaveshownthatteachersdontexpectgirlstobegoodatmath.Evenfemalemathandscienceteacher

23、spaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften.Becauseteachersdontexpectgirlstoexcel,theydonttryveryhard,andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies.Finally,girlsdonthavemanyrolemodelstolookupto.Notverymanymathandscienceteachersarewomen,especiallyinthelatergrades.Whenthemediapicturemathematicia

24、nsandscientists,theyusuallypicturemen.Asaresult,girlsarentinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers.Insummary,severalfactorsworktogetherinthehome,inschools,andinsocietyatlargetosendasubtlemessagetogirls.Girlsalmostalwaysgetthemessage,asaresult,fewgirlsexcelatmathandscience.1.Writeaparagraphaboutthereason

25、softheproblemofpiracy.2.Writeaparagraphabouttheeffectsoffreeadmissiontomuseums.Homework Thereareseveralreasonsfortheproblemofpiracy.Firstofall,consumershavenotdevelopedenoughlegalconsciousnesstoresistthepirateproducts.Rather,theytendtobetemptedbythegreatgapbetweentheprices.Secondly,thegovernmenthasn

26、otpaiddueattentiontoitandnoeffectivemeasureshavebeentakentostoppiracy.Forexample,thecopyrightlawstillhasmanyholesinit.Finally,somewritersandproducers,beingafraidofthetroubleoflawsuitstheymaybringuponthemselves,prefertosufferthepiracyinsilence.Sample1Somepeopleholdthatfreeadmissiontomuseumscanbringab

27、outmanyproblems.Sinceanybodycanenteramuseumwithoutpaying,themuseumscanbeovercrowdedanditwillbeadifficultjobformuseumstomaintaintheircollections.Besides,museumswillfacefinancialproblemssincetheycannotmakeprofitsfromtheadmissionfee.Duetothedecreaseinprofits,museumshavelessmotivationtoup-datetheircollections.Anout-of-datemuseumcannotavoidthefatetocloseupinthelongrun.Sample2