高中英语定语从句汇总讲解.doc

《高中英语定语从句汇总讲解.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高中英语定语从句汇总讲解.doc（20页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、高中英语定语从句汇总讲解考点: 1 定语从句的功用和结构2 关系代词和关系副词的功用3 关系代词和关系副词的具体用法导入a student a good studentThe girl is Lily. The girl sitting in front of me is Lily.The girl who is sitting in front of me is Lily.名词，形容词，或介词短语都可以修饰名词或代词，充当它们的定语。一个句子也可以充当定语，那么这个句子就叫定语从句。. 概念：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句一般放在先行词后面，是先行词

2、的后置定语，对先行词起限定制约作用，使先行词的含义更具体、更明确。定语从句不能省略，否则句意就不完整。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。先行词在定语从句的前面，在从句中不再出现。(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2) 在从句中作句子的某种成份（可以做主语，宾语（作宾语时可以省略），表语，定语，状语）3) 代替先行词。常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 等常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 wher

3、eThe student who answered the question was John.I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother.Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词，关系词和定语从句；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。. 几个关系代词的基本用法：that: 先行词可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相

4、当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语)2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now? (主语)3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语）4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?5. Here is

5、 the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.6. Shes no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语）7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。= Our hometown is not what it used to

6、be.which: 先行词指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语等。如：1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）3. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）who, whom, whose:who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人 whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人whos

7、e: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。指人时，相当于 of whom; 指物时，相当于 of which. 翻译为“的”。如：I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语） Hes a man from whom we should

8、learn.= Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）Id like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=Id like a room of which the window faces south.=Id like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out

9、 of whose mouth tea is supposed to come关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.）This is the book for which you asked.=This is the book (that/which) you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know th

10、e person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with?The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last wee

11、k?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等结构中。如：I have the sa

12、me book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.)-Why didnt you mention that in face of the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.We will only discuss such problems

13、 as have something to do with our own interests. Dont do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in.Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定

14、语从句）Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，如同，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）as, which 引导非限制性定语从句代整个句子，相当于 and this 或and that. Which不能放句首， as 位置灵活。As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语)=As is known to all,

15、smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主语）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health .=Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子) . 关系副词的基本用法When 指时间，在定

16、语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较: I still remember the day when /on which my broth

17、er joined the army.（作状语） Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语）Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a

18、 great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:

19、 This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语）The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business lette

20、rs are the main situations where English is used.Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last

21、year. （作宾语）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting.Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。但是,并不是先行词是reason,一定用why。如：The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he w

22、as ill. I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语）Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）Ex.) He was late .Thats because he got up late.He got up late. Thats why he was late.(表语从句)(the reason) why/for which he was late. (定语从句)当先行词为the way时，定语从句常用that, in which

23、,或不用。如:This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比较: Please do the experiment in the way （that/which）I have shown you. . 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。This is th

24、e book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较: He has a sister, who is a musician.He has a sister who is a musician.引导非限制性

25、定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, why, etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free

26、 to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. 几个易混淆的关系代词的比较that & which在定语从句中，用that, 而不用which 的情况：先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等,1.We should do all that is useful to the people .2.Theres nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mea

27、n the one that was bought yesterday?先行词被the only, any, few, little, no, the just, very, the one of等词修饰时。1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.I h

28、ope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third fil

29、m that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really we

30、ll known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police. 被修饰词为数词时.1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edison built up a factory which pr

31、oduced things that had never been seen before. 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：1. There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关

32、系代词宜用that .1. Thats a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be .定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:介词后.1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoes dog, which

33、 was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which .1. Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.2. At t

34、he station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.当关系代词后面带有插入语时.1. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行词本身是that, 宜用which .Whats that which she is looking at?先行

35、词是those+复数名词.A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B) who & that:who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people时. 如： 1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to co

36、me to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once4.I dont like the ones (= those ) who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .2.There a

37、re several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.当先行词有较长的后置定语时. 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that ,另一个则宜用who, 以免重复. 如：1. The student that was praised at yesterdays meet

38、ing is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard .as & which:as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：位置的不同：which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know.

39、 或As you know, Jack is an honest man.先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。 He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词）She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）He is an honest ma

40、n, as is known to all.He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.as 一般译为正如就像，这一点as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined. 选择关系词的方法方法一 用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词，及物动词无宾语，必须用关系代词，不及物动词，则用关系副词。方法二 准确判断先行词在定语从句中充当的成分，如充当主语，宾语，定

41、语，表语用关系代词，如充当状语，用关系副词。 注意事项1 关系代词在从句中做主语时，之后的谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 注意：如果one前有the only ,the very 修饰时，谓语动词用单数。eg . He is one of the students who have been a winner of scholarship for 3 years. He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for 3 years. 2 选择关系代词还是人称代词关系代词起着连接从句的作用

42、，而代词不起连接作用。eg . We have tested one hundred types of boots , is completely waterproof.We have tested one hundred types of boots , is completely waterproof.3 选择关系代词还是关系副词eg .A组 This is the firm that /which they visited last year.This is the firm where they worked last year.B组 This is the reason why he

43、 was late for class.This is the reason that /which he explained to me.C组 I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.I will never forget the days when we worked together.4 完整的句子不能缺相应的介词在定语从句中，不管先行词充当何种成分，主句的结构必须是完整的。The man to whom I spoke just now is our maths teacher.5 避免句子成分重复由于关系词在

44、定语从句中充当一定的成分，因此与此相应的成分不能出现。eg . He is the man who /that /- I saw yesterday.不能这样描述： He is the man who /that /- I saw him yesterday.6 不能漏掉先行词比较：Is this firm the one that you visited last year? Is this the firm that/which you visited last year?7 先行词为those 时，只能用who ,定语从句的谓语动词用复数。Those who do not work ge

45、t no pay. 不劳无获。Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 自身有短,勿批他人。 8 与固定句式的区分如： It is the first time when I have been to Beijing. （）It is the first time that I have been to Beijing. （）It is the + 序数词+that +从句，从句用现在完成时。It is in the factory where we find the thief. （）It is in the factor

46、y that we find the thief. （）It is /was +被强调成分+that +其它，为强调句式。英语谚语欣赏1. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成.2. Its the first step that costs.千里之行，始于足下3. He that makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼.【即学即练】1. -Who is the ma

47、n _ was talking to our English teacher?-Oh! Its Mr. Baker, our maths teacher.A. he B. that C. whom D. which2. I hate the people _ dont help others when they are in trouble.A. who B. which C. they D. where3. The foreigner _ visited our school is from Canada.A. which B. when C. who D. whom4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _ loved climbing.A. who B. whom C. he D. which5. This is the place _I have ever visited.A. there B. when C. where D. which6. Nobody knows the reason _ she didnt come to the meeting.A.