非谓语动词复习纲要(二)——动名词.doc

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1、非谓语动词复习纲要（二）动名词天津南开大学附中 张少华【基本概念】1.现行高中教材中将动名词和现在分词统称为-ing形式。这样处理英语传统语法项目的初衷是简化语法术语、淡化语法概念，让学生更多地通过语感掌握其用法。然而，在教学实践中却遇到了另外一些不好解决的问题。其一，取消了“现在分词”的概念之后，增加了“现在分词和过去分词的区别”这一关键知识的教学难度：其二，混淆动名词和现在分词的概念使得属于动名词范围的一些细节问题的教学不容易开展，如动名词做宾语的问题、分词和动名词的逻辑主语问题等。现在分词和动名词都可以做定语和表语，概念却有所不同。遇到这些问题完全可以采取淡化或者回避的办法，就如同我们很

2、少强调形容词做定语、表语同名词做定语、表语的区别一样。学生能够领悟其中的区别更好，不能理解也无关紧要。2.动名词在书写形式上同现在分词相同，但语法概念和语法功能各异。动名词具有名词的语法作用，在句子中主要充当主语和宾语。例1：动名词做主语Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make the stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. ( P.16, Senior Book2A )Checking information is ve

3、ry important. ( P.20, Senior Book2A )Doing this can save a lot of time and money. (P.20, Senior Book2A )Learning new words and useful expressions is very important for me. ( P.22, Senior Book2A)例2：动名词做宾语After a short while he started directing films himself. ( P.26, Senior Book2A )Disney stopped dra

4、wing and watched the mouse. ( P.2, Senior Book2A )例3：动名词做介词的宾语Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening. (P.3, Senior Book 1B )after在句中为介词，动名词opening 做介词的宾语，形容词性物主代词its是动名词的逻辑主语。The money spent on educating a black child was just one fourth of that spent on each white child

5、. ( P.38, Senior Book2 )I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. ( P.35, Senior Book2B )having been 是动名词being的完成式，做介词for 的宾语。【关键知识】动名词一章的关键知识是动名词做宾语同不定式做宾语的区别。这种区别根据“约定俗成”的原则成为语法规则，因此没有过多的道理可讲。牢牢记住这些规则，在语言实践中能够熟练地运用，便是最好的学习方法。1.下列动词只能用动名词做宾语， 不能用不定式

6、：suggest, finish, enjoy, practise, miss, avoid, require, delay, excuse, pardon, consider, deny, escape, cant help 等。Besides, I enjoy learning about new things from politics to sports and music. ( P.22, Senior Book2A)Then for a period of several weeks we practise doing the play. ( P.25, Senior Book2A

7、)2.一些动词后用动名词做宾语和用不定式做宾语意思不同。remember, forget, regret后用动名词做宾语表示已经发生过了的动作；用不定式做宾语表示将要发生或尚未发生的动作。remember to do 表示记住要去做某事；remember doing表示记得曾经做过某事。regret doing表示后悔做了某事；regret to say (tell)表示遗憾地说（告诉）。- The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot _. (1991年全国高考试题) A. turning it off B. turn it off C

8、. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案为 C。句子的意思是“我刚才忘记了关灯”，“关灯”的动作没有发生。- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.- Well, now I regret _ that. （1995年全国高考试题） A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done答案为D。having done是动名词doing的完成式，表示该动作先于谓语动作，句子的意思是“后悔在会议上提出反对意见”。try to

9、 do 表示“设法做”（克服困难、障碍努力做）；try doing表示“试着做”（对结果没有把握，尝试去做，看看是否可以）。The little time we have together we try _ wisely. (上海市1995年高考试题) A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending thatthe little time we have together是spend的宾语，前置以示强调。正确的答案为C。like (love) to do 表示具体的一次性动作；like (love) doing表示倾向性的动作。Lit

10、tle Tom should love _ to the theatre this evening. （1992年全国高考试题） A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taken答案为A。时间状语暗示了应该考虑“一次性动作”。本试题中little Tom和谓语动词take(带领)为动宾关系，必须注意被动概念的使用。动词need的用法同动名词做宾语有密切的关系。a)当主语是表示“人”的词语时，通常主语和need为主谓关系，need 的宾语用动词不定式的主动式。Right now you need to stay still until help

11、comes. ( P.43, Senior Book2B)b)当主语是表示“事”或“物”的词语时，主语同need往往为动宾关系。这时，用need to be done或need doing 均可，但要注意need doing 是用动名词的主动式表示被动的概念。These shoes need repairing.These shoes need to be repaired.You have come just in time to help us.”“Fine. What needs _?” (1985年广东高考试题) A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to

12、do答案为C。what是句子的主语，表示事物。stop to do 和stop doing 的语法结构不同，因此意思也就不同。stop doing中的doing 是动名词做宾语，表示stop动作的对象，意思为“停止做某事”。Stop to do 中的不定式to do 是目的状语，表示“停止正在做的事的目的是要做某事”。Lets have a break. Not now. I dont want to stop _ yet. （1985年广东高考试题） A. study B. to study C. for studying D. studying 答案为 D。mean doing 的意思是“

13、意谓着”、“就是”。 I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in the office.(P.13, Senior Book2B)Missing the train means waiting for an hour.mean to do 的意思是“意欲做”或“打算做”。What do you mean to do?【相关知识及其运用】1.动名词的逻辑主语 动名词的逻辑主语表示动名词所代表的动作是谁做的。动名词逻辑主语规范的表达形式是：无生命的内容用名词的一般形式。有生命的内容如果是名词，用该名词的所有格；如果是代词，则用形容词性物主代

14、词。He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.译文：他总是坚持让别人称呼他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。his 是动名词being called的逻辑主语，但同call 构成被动关系。如果是主动关系应为call him Dr. Turner。再看下列两道试题：They insisted on _ a thorough rest before going back to work.A. him to take B. he tookC. his taking D. his taken答案为C。_

15、 made her mother very angry.A. Helens married Jack B. Helen has married JackC. Helen marrying Jack D. Helens marrying Jack答案为 D。2.动名词的完成式所有非谓语动词的完成式都表示非谓语动作先于谓语动作，动名词的完成式也不例外。Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party. （2000年上海市高考试题）A. having not been invited B. not having invitedC. having not invited

16、 D. not having been invited答案为 D。having been invited是动名词的完成被动式，表示否定的not必须放在动名词结构的最前面。3.动名词的被动式动名词的被动式同现在分词的被动式相同-being done。 动名词被动式的使用主要看动名词和句子主语的逻辑关系：主谓关系用主动式，动宾关系用被动式。While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （1996年上海市高考试题）A. to persuade B. persuadin

17、gC. being persuaded D. be persuadedcant help 后必须用动名词做宾语，persuade 同句子主语people具有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此答案C正确。He dare not go home for fear of _ .A. punishing B. punished C. being punished D. to be punished正确答案为C。4.动名词做介词宾语时应注意的问题动名词做介词的宾语一般情况同做动词的宾语没有区别。应注意的是，下列短语中的to不是动词不定式的符号，而是介词，因此如果需要使用动词的非谓语形式，必须使用动名词。look f

18、orward to 盼望、预期 be (get) used to 习惯于object to 反对 devoteto 献身于、专心于get down to 认真着手进行、认真处理They have just come here to get down to repairing the road.We are looking forward to hearing from you.Do you object to my closing the window?【高考及各地模拟试题选编】1.Our monitor suggested _ a discussion of this subject. (1

19、985年MET广州试题) A. to have B. should C. have D. having2.The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. （1987年MET广州试题） A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch3. _ arriving at the spot, the police got down to _ photos. （2000年郑州市高三第三次质量检测试题） A. As; take B. As; taking C. On; take D. On; taki

20、ng 4. I dont think anybody likes _ like that. （2000年广州高三综合练习二） A. treated B. being treated C. to treat D. to have treated5. These farmers _ their income by _ silkworms, chicken, ducks and so on. （2000年辽宁重点中学高考模拟试题） A. raised; raising B. increased; increasing C. increased; rising D. increased; raisin

21、g6. You must be looking forward as much to his return as he himself is to _ you. （2000年哈尔滨市高考复习验收二） A. seeing B. see C. having seen D. have seen7. - Carl is very homesick. - I hope _ his brother here will make him happier. （同上） A. have B. him to have C. he has D. having8. _ all over the hills and ar

22、ound the lake are wild flowers of different colours. （2000年杭州市教学质量检测试题二） A. Grow B. Growing C. Grown D. Grew9. Every minute is made full use of _ our lessons. A. to study B. studying C. studied D. being studied10. Jiang Zemin, _, said that China is looking forward to _. （2000年西安高考分卷练习试题）A. Chinese t

23、op Party leader; improve B. Chinas top Party leader; improvingC. Chinas top Party leader; improvementD. the top Chinese Party leader; improving11. _ your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life. (2000年沈、大、哈、长高三联合测试题) A. For; flying B. Since; flight C. Now that; flight

24、D. Once; flying12.You can never imagine what great difficulty I have _ your house. （2000年北京市西城区高三抽样试题一） A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding13.It may be helpful to keep a list of all the jobs that need _. （2000年武汉部分学校高三调研测试题） A. doing B. to do C. you do D. you to do14. At six oclock in the

25、evening, when a car ran through a truck it narrowly escaped _ over. （2001年北京市崇文区高三统练试题一） A. running B. to be run C. from running D. being run15.-What terrible weather! I simply cant get the car _ . - Why not try _ the engine with hot water? （2001年北京市朝阳高三综合练习三） A. starting; to fill B. start; filling

26、C. started; to fill D. to start; filling16.The mother asked her daughter not to delay _ the paper. （2001年北京市宣武区高三质量检测试题） A. handing in B. to hand in C. hand in D. having handed in17. -What has made Tommy so upset? - I believe _ the game. It shocked him so much. （2001广州高中毕业班综合测试一） A. for losing B. lo

27、st C. losing D. because of losing18.Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _. （2001年上海市高考试题）A. hed like to collect coins as well B. B. he feels like collecting coins, tooC. to collect coins is also his hobby D. Collecting coins also give him great pleasure19. Which do you enjoy _ your weekends, fishing

28、or watching TV? （2001年天津市高中质量调查试题） A. spending B. to spend C. being spend D. spend20.-I knocked at your door, but nobody answered. -= You should _ the door dell. A. trying touching B. try to touch C. have tried touching D. have tried to touch21. I hate _ their complaints all day. One of these days I

29、ll tell them what I really think. （2001年南京市高三质量检测二） A. paying attention to B. to talk about C. listening to D. to have heard22. - Is your brother going camping? - Hes signed up but hes considering _.（2001年合肥高三抽样试题） A. not to go B. not going C. wont go D. not go23. He didnt seem to mind _ TV while he

30、 was trying to study. （2002年北京市东城区总复习一） A. them to watch B. that they watch C. their watching D. watching24.- How did you get in touch with Mr. Bon? - Well, it seems to me that you ve forgotten _ me. (2002年北京市朝阳区高三统练一) A. to tell B. to have told C. telling D. being telling25. - Herry doesnt seem lik

31、e the same person. - _ so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.（2002年北京市宣武区高三质量检测一） A. For him to see B. His seeing C. Having seeing D. To have seen26. He has got used to _ to everything himself. (2002年天津市高中质量调查试题) A. leading B. seeing C. sticking D. referring27. _ to sunlight for too much t

32、ime will do harm to ones skin. （2002年上海市高考试题） A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed28. -Do you remember _ to Dr. Green during your last visit? -Certainly I do. （2002年郑州高中毕业班质量预测三） A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to have been introduce29.

33、 Wind _ electricity widely in many parts of the world.（2002年广州市高三综合测试二） A. is used to produce B. is used to producing C. used to produce D. used to producing30. It was _ computer games that cost the boy a lot of time that he ought to have spent on his lessons. （2002年福建达标中学高中毕业班质量检测试题）A. to have played B. playingC. played D. having played高考及各地模拟试题答案：1.D 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.A 10.B11.D 12.B 13.A 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.C21.C 22.B 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.B 27.C 28.C 29.A 30.B