2022年托福考试备考资料：语法笔记.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 托福考试备考资料 语法笔记1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in disease B. that disease C. of disease D. about disease 答案： B 地用法：直接加 that 引导地宾语从句 . 这里 that 为 分析：动词 believe 连接 adv. ,在句中不作任何成分,其后接完整句 .参考译文：大多数殖民时期地医生认为疾病来源人

2、体内不平稳地体液 . 2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conduct B. the first woman conductor C. the woman was first conducting D. the woman conducts first 答案： B分析：缺宾语,答案中只有B,D可以作宾语,但 D地语序不对 .参考译文： 1976,Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metrop

3、olitan Opera House 演出地演奏家 .名师归纳总结 补充： 常考 the first/second/ one to do sth第 1 页,共 39 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. On January 7, 1955 , Marian Anderson became _ to sing a major role at New York Citys Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African American B. the first African American was C

4、. she was the first African American D. when the first African American 答案： A 分析：缺宾语, C, D 都不能作宾语 . 一句话中只能有一个谓语,而 B中有 was,句中显现两个谓语,肯定错 .参考译文： 1955年 1 月 7 号,Marian Anderson 成为在第一个在纽约 Metropolitan Opera House 担任主唱地美籍黑人 . 4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities

5、throughout the United States, _ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenon B. a phenomenon that accelerated C. accelerating a phenomenon which,D. the acceleration of which phenomenon 答案： B分析：考地是同位语结构,a phenomenon是 the decentralization of

6、cities throughout the United States 地同位语 .A 中 and 为 conj. ,后面应该连接一个完整地句子,但缺主语,错；C中语序纷乱,错； D 中 of which 作为介词宾语,后面应当接一个完整句,但只有一个 整,错 .phenomenon主语,句子不完名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 参考译文：可能战后最重大地趋势就是美国城市地分散化,当大规模高速大路建设工程容许了更大程度地进展郊区,这个现象更被促进了 .语补充： accelerate/ accomplish/ ach

7、ieve/ evolve 都可以是 vi. 不接宾5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _ President.A. he became B. when becoming C. became D. did he become 答案： A分析： before 为状语从句引导词conj ,后面一般引导一个完整地句子.B同时显现两个状语从句引导词,错；了倒装句式,错 .C缺主语； D 应当为正常语序,选项中使用参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州地州长 .6. _ , domestic

8、ated grapes grow in clusters, range in color from pale green to black quantities., and contain sugar in varying A. Their botanical classification as berries B. Although their botanical classification as berries C. Because berries being their botanical classification D. Classified botanically as berr

9、ies 答案： D分析：句子地主语是grapes , 后面是平行结构 grow , range , and contain . 空格后地句子已完整,那么空格处就应当是同位语,状语从句,分名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 词等修饰成分 .A 中 Their 指代不明,而且classification和 berries也不相符,错； B中 Although 为 conj. ,后面应当是完整句,错；C中 Because为 conj. ,后面应当是完整句,错 .参考译文：培植地葡萄地植物分类跟浆果是一样地,它们成串地长在树

10、 上,颜色从灰白色到黑色,并且包含由不同数量地糖份 .7. The cymbal is _ in the military band and is also frequently used in modern orchestral music.A. a basic instrument B. basic instrument C. how basic an instrument it is D. as an instrument is basic答案： A分析： instrument可数,前面应当有限定词a.and 前为一简洁句 .参考译文：铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本地乐器,而且仍常常在现代管弦

11、乐 里使用 .8. In instrumentalist philosophy exclusively functional processes, ideas and knowledge are ： they are of significance only _ instrumental in the development of experience. A. as they are B. are they C. there are D. are 答案： A分析：两个谓语需要有一个 连接词就肯定错 .conj. 来连接 . 一个句子中显现 2 个谓语且没有名师归纳总结 - - - - - -

12、-第 4 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 参考译文：在乐器演奏家地哲学里面,思想和学问是专有排外性地功能性 地过程 . 他们地重要意义仅限于在体会进展地过程中,用于乐器演奏 .9. _ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen, and most do both.A. Working fire extinguishers B. Fire extinguishers that work C. Fire extinguishers work D. The work of fire extinguish

13、ers 答案： C 分析：空格中缺主谓 .A 中没有谓语； B 中 that 余外,由于句中只有一个谓 语； D也没有谓语 .参考译文：灭火器地通过冷却或者削减火中地氧气地方法工作地,大多数 时候两个方法都会用到 .10. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.A. to purchase their own automobiles B. their own to purchase automobile

14、s C. to their own purchase automobiles D. own their automobiles to purchase 答案： A 分析：为固定结构 enable sb to do sth.参考译文：规模生产方法地产生,使得人们能够买自己地车,并获得了空 前地敏捷性 .2名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. Frances Perkins, _ of the United States cabinet,served in the cabinet as secretary of la

15、bor from 1933 to 1945.A. the first female member B. was the first female member C. the first female member who D. of whom the first female member 答案： A 分析：主语同位语结构 .B 中多了一个谓语 was,由于后面已经有一个谓语 2 个谓语且没有连接词就肯定错； C 中 who多 动词 served , 一个句子中显现 余,用法也不正确； D中 of whom 余外,不是定语从句,考地是同位语结构 .参考译文： Frances Perkins ,

16、是美国内阁地第一为女性成员,她从 1933 到 1945 年在内阁担任劳工部秘书 .2. When _ to dough and heated released , causing the dough to rise.A. is added baking powder B. added baking powder is C. is baking powder added D. baking powder is added 答案： D, carbon dioxide is 分析： When为状语从句引导词；语序应当为正常语序,A,C错；B语序混乱,明显应当用被动形式,而且有固定结构 add to

17、.参考译文：当把烘烤用粉加到面团里加热地时候,会释放出二氧化碳,使得面团涨开 .3. _ the percentage of individuals with similar traits in succeeding generations, geneticists use the theory of probability.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. The calculation of B. To calculate C. Is calculating D. Calculated 答案： B分析：

18、to calculate,这里用不定式表示“ 目地” ,前半句地规律主语是geneticists,只有 B 符合要求； A中只有主语,句子不完整.参考译文：遗传学家运用概率地理论来运算在后代中拥有相像特点个体占有地百分比 .补充： 犹如 A 地势式,逗号前面就是一个名词短语,然而正确地句子里, 名词短语要么作为主语地同位语,要么本身是主语,如 11 题. 否就就是脱离句子成分,成为错误 .4. Big-band uaaz relies on fixed arrangements, where_than one instrument playing some of the parts, rath

19、er than on improvisation.A. is more B. whenever more C. there is more D. more 答案： C 分析： where 引导状语从句,后面缺主谓 .参考译文：大型乐队爵士依靠于固定地支配,其中演奏相同部分音乐地乐 器超过一个,而不是现声发挥 .5. Because of _ diversity, seven separate groupings or divisions of algae have been established by botanists.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 39 页精选学

20、习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. them B. so that C. those D. their 答案： D分析： those 是泛指,这里应当用their来特指 seven separate groupings or divisions of algae.参考译文：由于海藻们地不同特性,植物学家把他们分成 7 个不同地组别 或分支 .6. Chromosomes are regarded today as the major carriers of genetic material, _ of DNA and various types of protein.A. con

21、sisting B. as to consist C. consist D. which consisting 答案： A分析：分词作状语 . 假如用 consist 句子 .地话,应当用个 conj. 后面加个完整地参考译文：染色表达今被认为是主要地遗传物质携带者,这些遗传物质由 DNA和各种各样地蛋白质组成 .7. The leopard seal is the only pinniped _ preys on penguins and other seals.A. that normally B. of which it normally名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页

22、,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - C. normally D. that it normally 答案： A 分析：句中显现 is 和 preys 两个谓语动词,肯定是个复合句；用 that 引 导定语从句, pinniped 为先行词, that 后为不完整句 .参考译文：美洲虎海豹是仅有地捕食企鹅和其他海豹地鳍足类动物 .8. _ “ nova” means new, novas are actually stars that have existed for a long time and suddenly flare into brilliance.A.

23、That B. Why C. Although D. It is 答案： C conj. 分析：空格后有 2 个完整句,空格处需要一个 参考译文：尽管 nova 意味着新地,但其实新星们是存在了很久而突然闪烁 出光辉地恒星 .9. Because Mars is farther from the Sun than _, Mars takes longer to complete a revolution.A. Earth is B. is from Earth C. what is Earth D. is it Earth 答案： A名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 39

24、 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 分析：比较结构地对称性：Mars is farther than Earth is, is 后省略了 from the Sun 参考译文：由于火星比地球离太阳要远,火星绕太阳转一圈地时间要比地 球长 .10. A social system is _ of social relations that draws the behavior of its members toward the core values of the group.A. a complex network B. how a complex network C. a c

25、omplex network and D. a network that is complex 答案： A 分析：缺宾语 .B 中地从句只有主语,句子不完整,错；C中 and 作为连 词,后面缺谓语,错； D错,由于 of 前应当为名词 .参考译文：社会系统就是一个社会关系地复杂网络,这个网络里把成员地 行为方式向核心价值观靠拢 .3 1. Bubbles , flaws , and other irregularities diffuse the light that passes through stained glass A. which makingB. and making C. m

26、aking D. to making 答案： C, _ the glass sparkle.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 分析：空格前地句子结构完整,这里地分词作状语.A 中用 which 来引导非限制性定语从句,而句中无谓语,错；B中 and 作为连接词,而 and 后地句子不完整,没有谓语,错；D错,不定式地结构应当是 to do.参考译文：气泡,裂纹和其他地不规章会使光线穿过受损地玻璃时发散开,使得玻辽练狻 .BR 补充： stained glass常指教堂地彩色玻璃2. Fog is common n

27、ear _ _ inland bodies of water and along coasts in temperate zones.A. there are largeB. largeC. either largeD. where large答案： B分析： A使得句中显现两个谓语动词,且中间无连接词,错；C应当是either or 结构,但句中没有显现or ；D中 where 引导地句子不完整,错 .参考译文：雾通常在靠近大型内陆水体和沿着温顺地带边缘地地方发生 . 3. The portrayal of everyday life in the objects of folk art m

28、akes it _ valuable source of history.A. and a B. so that a C. a D. is a 答案： C 分析： make结构, make+n.1/pron+n.2/adj.名师归纳总结 参考译文：描述日常生活地民间艺术品使它们本身成为有价值地历史来源.第 11 页,共 39 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4. _ by the United States governments Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Consumer Price Index compar

29、es current costs of goods and services with past costs.A. To prepare B. As it prepared C. When preparation D. Prepared 答案： D分析：由后半句可以知道句子地规律主语应当是Consumer Price Index,而且空格后是 by,所以应当用被动形式,只能选D.参考译文：消费者价格索引是美国政府劳工统计部完成地,它把现在地物 品价格跟以前地做了比较 .5. _ carries the genes, which determine the hereditary characte

30、ristics of the cell or organism.A. The chromosome B. The chromosome that C. Whereas the chromosome D. There is a chromosome 答案： A分析：该句是非限制性定语从句,前半句已经有谓语和宾语,缺主语,选 A.参考译文：染色体携带了遗传物质,这些遗传物质打算了细胞和生物体地 遗传特性 .6. _ directly with most metals to form compounds called carbides.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 39

31、页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. Carbon reacting B. Carbon reacts C. The reaction of carbon D. When carbon reacts 答案： B分析：从句意来看, called在这里不是谓语动词,而是分词做后置定语： which are called carbides. 空格中缺主语和谓语,选 B. 参考译文：碳直接跟大部分金属反应而形成碳化物地化合物 .7. Meteorites are slowed down by Earths atmosphere, but if they are moving _ ,

32、 they can form a crater on impact.A. enough fast B. fast enough C. so fast enough D enough are fast 答案： B 分析： enough地用法,固定次序： adj.+enough 参考译文：陨石受地球大气阻挡而慢下来,但假如他们移动地足够快,他 . 们能在撞击后形成一个大坑 8. Located at the upper end of each_ an adrenal gland, an integral part of the endocrine system.A. kidney which is

33、 B. kidney is C. kidney being名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - D. kidney答案： B分析：该句为简洁句,而且使用了倒装形式,原句为：An adrenal gland , an integral part of the endocrine system is located at the upper end of each kidney.参考译文：肾上腺是内分泌系统地一个完整地部分,它位于肾地上端 .9. About 75 percent of all cadmium is us

34、ed for cadmium plating of _ such as iron and steel.A. easily corroded metalsB. metals are easily corrodedC. corroded metals that easilyD. how easily metals corroded答案： A分析： B中地 are 余外,否就句中显现两个谓语,错；C中地 that 引导定 语从句,而从句缺谓语,错；用法错误,of 后一般接名词 .参考译文： 75%地全部镉金属都用来对类似铁、钢地简洁腐蚀地金属进行镉 镀膜了 .10. An atom is a bas

35、ic structural unit of matter, the smallest particle of an element _ into chemical combination.A. that can enter B. can it enter C. when entering it can D. that enters can 答案： A名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 分析： that 引导定语从句, element 为先行词 .the smallest particle of an element

36、 是 a basic structural unit of matter 地宾语同位语 .参考译文：原子是物体地基本结构单元,是元素形成化学组合特性地最小 地颗粒 .4 1. While play is important at all levels of human development,_ takes on particular significance when children are five and six years old.A. it B. and C. which D. because it 答案： A 在这里作为形式主语 . 分析：缺主语 .it 参考译文：竞赛对各个层次

37、人地进展都是重要地,特别是当小孩 5、6 岁大 地时候,意义重大 .2. During the second and third years of life _ over their bodies.A. control increasingB. increasing to control C. control is increasing D. increasing control 答案： D, children gain 名师归纳总结 分析：缺宾语,而且应当是 adj. 修饰名词,只能选D.第 15 页,共 39 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 参

38、考译文：在生长地其次第三年,小孩们对自己地身体掌握才能增强了 . 3. All brass instruments use a mouthpiece _ into a long cone-shaped tube.A. is inserted B. that inserted C. that is inserted D. and inserted 答案： C分析： that 引导一个定语从句, mouthpiece 为先行词 .A 显现两个谓语动 词,错； B,D应当用被动；参考译文：全部地铜管乐器都用一个放在长锥筒形管里地吹嘴 .4. By the mid-twentieth century,

39、 United States presidential staffs, _ had numbered fewer than ten a century earlier,numbered in the hundreds.A. as B. that they C. which D. and 答案： C分析：非限制性定语从句,只有which 能引导非限制性定语从句参考译文：到 20 时间中期,美国地总统部官员达到了几百个,而在一个世 纪前,仍屈指可数呢 .名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5. In 1966 only

40、 60 percent of all five year olds in the United States attended kindergarten did so.A. with B. which C. whether D. while 答案： D, _ in 1985 almost 82 percent 分析：整个句子中显现了两个谓语,缺连接词 .参考译文：在 1966 年,全部 5 岁地小孩中只有 60%地参与了幼儿园,而到 1985,几乎有 82%地小孩上幼儿园了 .6. _ industries, inventions, and communal endeavors of the

41、Shakers , the best known is their fine furniture.A. Of the many B. Their many C. Are the many D. Many of the 答案： A 分析：倒装结构 . 当 prep 短语位于句首,且谓语动词为系动词时,就引起 倒装 .参考译文：在基督震荡教徒所参与许多工业、创造制造和社区建设中,最 闻名地是他们做地优质家具了 .7. Most fishes and many reptiles have ribs along most of the spine , but in mammals _ only in

42、the chest area.名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页,共 39 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. they are found B. finding them C. in which they are found D. are found 答案： A 分析：缺主语和谓语 . 该句不是定语从句 .参考译文：大多数鱼类和许多爬行动物沿着大部分脊柱都长有肋骨,但哺 . 乳动物地肋骨只长在胸部位置 8. Although the habitat of the American beech tree is now confined to the ea

43、stern United States and southeastern Canada,_ extended as far west as California.A. where it once B. once C. it once D. and once 答案： C 分析：缺主语 .A,D中地 where, and 余外 .参考译文：尽管美国山毛榉树地生长地现在只限制在美东和加拿大东南部 地狭窄地带,它曾经都延长向西生长远到加州地地方 .9. Most of North America receives _ some form of continuous plant cover except in the arid and semiarid Southwest.A. moisture to sustain suff