2022年托福考试备考资料：语法笔记 .pdf

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1、托福考试备考资料语法笔记1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案： B分析：动词 believe 地用法：直接加that 引导地宾语从句 . 这里 that 为连接 adv. ，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句.参考译文：大多数殖民时期地医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡地体液.2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell

2、 became _ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案： B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但 D地语序不对 .参考译文： 1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House 演出地演奏家 .补充： 常考 the fi

3、rst/second/ one to do sth精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 39 页3. On January 7， 1955， Marian Anderson became _ to sing a major role at New York Citys Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when

4、 the first African American答案： A分析：缺宾语， C， D 都不能作宾语 . 一句话中只能有一个谓语，而B中有was，句中出现两个谓语，一定错.参考译文： 1955年 1 月 7 号，Marian Anderson 成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱地美籍黑人 .4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States， _ when massive highway

5、-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.A. and accelerated a phenomenonB. a phenomenon that acceleratedC. accelerating a phenomenon which，D. the acceleration of which phenomenon答案： B分析：考地是同位语结构，a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 地同位语 .A 中 and 为 con

6、j. ，后面应该连接一个完整地句子，但缺主语，错。C中语序混乱，错。 D 中 of which作为介词宾语，后面应该接一个完整句，但只有一个phenomenon主语，句子不完整，错 .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 39 页参考译文：可能战后最重大地趋势就是美国城市地分散化，当大规模高速公路建设工程容许了更大程度地发展郊区，这个现象更被促进了.补充： accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是 vi. 不接宾语5. Ronald Reagan had served two te

7、rms as governor of California before _ President.A. he becameB. when becomingC. becameD. did he become答案： A分析： before 为状语从句引导词conj ，后面一般引导一个完整地句子.B同时出现两个状语从句引导词，错。C缺主语。 D应该为正常语序，选项中使用了倒装句式，错 .参考译文：里根在成为美国总统之前连续两届担任加州地州长.6. _ ， domesticated grapes grow in clusters， range in color from pale green to b

8、lack， and contain sugar in varying quantities.A. Their botanical classification as berriesB. Although their botanical classification as berriesC. Because berries being their botanical classificationD. Classified botanically as berries答案： D分析：句子地主语是grapes ， 后面是平行结构 grow， range， and contain . 空格后地句子已完

9、整，那么空格处就应该是同位语，状语从句，分精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 39 页词等修饰成分 .A 中 Their 指代不明，而且classification和 berries也不相符，错。 B中 Although 为 conj. ，后面应该是完整句，错。C中 Because为conj. ，后面应该是完整句，错 .参考译文：培植地葡萄地植物分类跟浆果是一样地，它们成串地长在树上，颜色从灰白色到黑色，并且包含由不同数量地糖份.7. The cymbal is _ in the military band and is a

10、lso frequently used in modern orchestral music.A. a basic instrumentB. basic instrumentC. how basic an instrument it isD. as an instrument is basic答案： A分析： instrument可数，前面应该有限定词a.and 前为一简单句 .参考译文：铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本地乐器，而且还经常在现代管弦乐里使用 .8. In instrumentalist philosophy， ideas and knowledge are exclusively fu

11、nctional processes： they are of significance only _ instrumental in the development of experience.A. as they areB. are theyC. there areD. are答案： A分析：两个谓语需要有一个conj. 来连接 . 一个句子中出现 2 个谓语且没有连接词就一定错 .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 39 页参考译文：在乐器演奏家地哲学里面，思想和知识是专有排外性地功能性地过程 . 他们地重要意义仅限于

12、在经验发展地过程中，用于乐器演奏.9. _ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen， and most do both.A. Working fire extinguishersB. Fire extinguishers that workC. Fire extinguishers workD. The work of fire extinguishers答案： C分析：空格中缺主谓 .A 中没有谓语。 B中 that 多余，因为句中只有一个谓语。D也没有谓语 .参考译文：灭火器地通过冷却或者减少火中地氧气地方法工作地，大多数时

13、候两个方法都会用到 .10. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.A. to purchase their own automobilesB. their own to purchase automobilesC. to their own purchase automobilesD. own their automobiles to purchase答案： A分析：为固定结构enable sb to

14、 do sth.参考译文：规模生产方法地产生，使得人们能够买自己地车，并获得了空前地灵活性 .(2)精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 39 页1. Frances Perkins， _ of the United States cabinet，served in the cabinet as secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945.A. the first female memberB. was the first female memberC. the first female memb

15、er whoD. of whom the first female member答案： A分析：主语同位语结构 .B 中多了一个谓语 was，因为后面已经有一个谓语动词 served ， 一个句子中出现2 个谓语且没有连接词就一定错。 C 中 who多余，用法也不正确。 D中 of whom 多余，不是定语从句，考地是同位语结构.参考译文： Frances Perkins ，是美国内阁地第一为女性成员，她从1933到 1945 年在内阁担任劳工部秘书 .2. When _ to dough and heated， carbon dioxide is released ， causing the

16、 dough to rise.A. is added baking powderB. added baking powder isC. is baking powder addedD. baking powder is added答案： D分析： When 为状语从句引导词。语序应该为正常语序，A，C错。B语序混乱，明显应该用被动形式，而且有固定结构add to.参考译文：当把烘烤用粉加到面团里加热地时候，会释放出二氧化碳，使得面团涨开 .3. _ the percentage of individuals with similar traits in succeeding generatio

17、ns， geneticists use the theory of probability.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 39 页A. The calculation ofB. To calculateC. Is calculatingD. Calculated答案： B分析： to calculate，这里用不定式表示“目地”，前半句地逻辑主语是geneticists，只有 B符合要求。 A中只有主语，句子不完整.参考译文：遗传学家运用概率地理论来计算在后代中拥有相似特点个体占有地百分比 .补充： 如同 A地形式，逗

18、号前面就是一个名词短语，然而正确地句子里， 名词短语要么作为主语地同位语，要么本身是主语，如 11 题. 否则就是脱离句子成分，成为错误 .4. Big-band uaaz relies on fixed arrangements， where_than one instrument playing some of the parts， rather than on improvisation.A. is moreB. whenever moreC. there is moreD. more答案： C分析： where引导状语从句，后面缺主谓.参考译文：大型乐队爵士依赖于固定地安排，其中演奏相

19、同部分音乐地乐器超过一个，而不是现声发挥.5. Because of _ diversity， seven separate groupings or divisions of algae have been established by botanists.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 39 页A. themB. so thatC. thoseD. their答案： D分析： those 是泛指，这里应该用their来特指 seven separate groupings or divisions of algae.

20、参考译文：因为海藻们地不同特性，植物学家把他们分成7 个不同地组别或分支 .6. Chromosomes are regarded today as the major carriers of genetic material， _ of DNA and various types of protein.A. consistingB. as to consistC. consistD. which consisting答案： A分析：分词作状语 . 如果用 consist地话，应该用个 conj. 后面加个完整地句子.参考译文：染色体现今被认为是主要地遗传物质携带者，这些遗传物质由DNA 和各

21、种各样地蛋白质组成 .7. The leopard seal is the only pinniped _ preys on penguins and other seals.A. that normallyB. of which it normally精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 39 页C. normallyD. that it normally答案： A分析：句中出现 is 和 preys 两个谓语动词，一定是个复合句。用that 引导定语从句， pinniped 为先行词， that 后为不完整句 .参考译文：

22、美洲虎海豹是仅有地捕食企鹅和其他海豹地鳍足类动物.8. _ “nova” means new， novas are actually stars that have existed for a long time and suddenly flare into brilliance.A. ThatB. WhyC. AlthoughD. It is答案： C分析：空格后有 2 个完整句，空格处需要一个conj.参考译文：尽管 nova 意味着新地，但其实新星们是存在了很久而突然闪耀出光辉地恒星 .9. Because Mars is farther from the Sun than _， Ma

23、rs takes longer to complete a revolution.A. Earth isB. is from EarthC. what is EarthD. is it Earth答案： A精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 39 页分析：比较结构地对称性：Mars is farther than Earth is，is 后省略了 from the Sun参考译文：因为火星比地球离太阳要远，火星绕太阳转一圈地时间要比地球长.10. A social system is _ of social relation

24、s that draws the behavior of its members toward the core values of the group.A. a complex networkB. how a complex networkC. a complex network andD. a network that is complex答案： A分析：缺宾语 .B 中地从句只有主语，句子不完整，错。C中 and 作为连词，后面缺谓语，错。 D错，因为 of 前应该为名词 .参考译文：社会系统就是一个社会关系地复杂网络，这个网络里把成员地行为方式向核心价值观靠拢.(3)1. Bubble

25、s ， flaws ， and other irregularities diffuse the light that passes through stained glass， _ the glass sparkle.A. which makingB. and makingC. makingD. to making答案： C精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 39 页分析：空格前地句子结构完整，这里地分词作状语.A 中用 which 来引导非限制性定语从句，而句中无谓语，错。B中 and作为连接词，而and后地句子不完整

26、，没有谓语，错。D错，不定式地结构应该是to do.参考译文：气泡，裂纹和其他地不规则会使光线穿过受损地玻璃时发散开，使得玻辽练狻 ?BR 补充： stained glass常指教堂地彩色玻璃2. Fog is common near _ _ inland bodies of water and along coasts in temperate zones.A. there are largeB. largeC. either largeD. where large答案： B分析： A使得句中出现两个谓语动词，且中间无连接词，错。C应该是either or 结构，但句中没有出现or 。D中

27、where 引导地句子不完整，错 .参考译文：雾通常在靠近大型内陆水体和沿着温和地带边缘地地方发生.3. The portrayal of everyday life in the objects of folk art makes it _ valuable source of history.A. and aB. so that aC. aD. is a答案： C分析： make结构， make+n.1/pron+n.2/adj.参考译文：描述日常生活地民间艺术品使它们本身成为有价值地历史来源.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1

28、1 页，共 39 页4. _ by the United States governments Bureau of Labor Statistics， the Consumer Price Index compares current costs of goods and services with past costs.A. To prepareB. As it preparedC. When preparationD. Prepared答案： D分析：由后半句可以知道句子地逻辑主语应该是Consumer Price Index，而且空格后是 by，所以应该用被动形式，只能选D.参考译文：消

29、费者价格索引是美国政府劳工统计部完成地，它把现在地物品价格跟以前地做了比较.5. _ carries the genes， which determine the hereditary characteristics of the cell or organism.A. The chromosomeB. The chromosome thatC. Whereas the chromosomeD. There is a chromosome答案： A分析：该句是非限制性定语从句，前半句已经有谓语和宾语，缺主语，选A.参考译文：染色体携带了遗传物质，这些遗传物质决定了细胞和生物体地遗传特性 .6.

30、 _ directly with most metals to form compounds called carbides.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 39 页A. Carbon reactingB. Carbon reactsC. The reaction of carbonD. When carbon reacts答案： B分析：从句意来看， called在这里不是谓语动词，而是分词做后置定语： which are called carbides.空格中缺主语和谓语，选B.参考译文：碳直接跟大部分金属反应而形

31、成碳化物地化合物.7. Meteorites are slowed down by Earths atmosphere， but if they are moving _ ， they can form a crater on impact.A. enough fastB. fast enoughC. so fast enoughD enough are fast答案： B分析： enough地用法，固定顺序： adj.+enough参考译文：陨石受地球大气阻挡而慢下来，但如果他们移动地足够快，他们能在撞击后形成一个大坑.8. Located at the upper end of each_

32、 an adrenal gland， an integral part of the endocrine system.A. kidney which isB. kidney isC. kidney being精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 39 页D. kidney答案： B分析：该句为简单句，而且使用了倒装形式，原句为：An adrenal gland ， an integral part of the endocrine system is located at the upper end of each kid

33、ney.参考译文：肾上腺是内分泌系统地一个完整地部分，它位于肾地上端.9. About 75 percent of all cadmium is used for cadmium plating of _ such as iron and steel.A. easily corroded metalsB. metals are easily corrodedC. corroded metals that easilyD. how easily metals corroded答案： A分析： B中地 are 多余，否则句中出现两个谓语，错。C中地 that 引导定语从句，而从句缺谓语，错。用法错

34、误，of 后一般接名词 .参考译文： 75% 地所有镉金属都用来对类似铁、钢地容易腐蚀地金属进行镉镀膜了 .10. An atom is a basic structural unit of matter， the smallest particle of an element _ into chemical combination.A. that can enterB. can it enterC. when entering it canD. that enters can答案： A精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页，共

35、39 页分析： that 引导定语从句， element 为先行词 .the smallest particle of an element 是 a basic structural unit of matter地宾语同位语 .参考译文：原子是物体地基本结构单元，是元素形成化学组合特性地最小地颗粒 .(4)1. While play is important at all levels of human development，_ takes on particular significance when children are five and six years old.A. itB.

36、andC. whichD. because it答案： A分析：缺主语 .it 在这里作为形式主语 .参考译文：比赛对各个层次人地发展都是重要地，尤其是当小孩5、6 岁大地时候，意义重大 .2. During the second and third years of life， children gain _ over their bodies.A. control increasingB. increasing to controlC. control is increasingD. increasing control答案： D分析：缺宾语，而且应该是 adj. 修饰名词，只能选D.精选

37、学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 39 页参考译文：在生长地第二第三年，小孩们对自己地身体控制能力增强了.3. All brass instruments use a mouthpiece _ into a long cone-shaped tube.A. is insertedB. that insertedC. that is insertedD. and inserted答案： C分析： that 引导一个定语从句， mouthpiece 为先行词 .A 出现两个谓语动词，错。 B，D应该用被动。参考译文：所有地铜管乐

38、器都用一个放在长锥筒形管里地吹嘴.4. By the mid-twentieth century， United States presidential staffs， _ had numbered fewer than ten a century earlier，numbered in the hundreds.A. asB. that theyC. whichD. and答案： C分析：非限制性定语从句，只有which 能引导非限制性定语从句参考译文：到 20 时间中期，美国地总统部官员达到了几百个，而在一个世纪前，还屈指可数呢 .精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳

39、总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 39 页5. In 1966 only 60 percent of all five year olds in the United States attended kindergarten， _ in 1985 almost 82 percent did so.A. withB. whichC. whetherD. while答案： D分析：整个句子中出现了两个谓语，缺连接词.参考译文：在 1966 年，所有 5 岁地小孩中只有 60% 地参加了幼儿园，而到1985，几乎有 82% 地小孩上幼儿园了 .6. _ industries， inv

40、entions， and communal endeavors of the Shakers ， the best known is their fine furniture.A. Of the manyB. Their manyC. Are the manyD. Many of the答案： A分析：倒装结构 . 当 prep 短语位于句首，且谓语动词为系动词时，则引起倒装.参考译文：在基督震荡教徒所参与很多工业、发明创造和社区建设中，最闻名地是他们做地优质家具了.7. Most fishes and many reptiles have ribs along most of the spi

41、ne ， but in mammals _ only in the chest area.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 39 页A. they are foundB. finding themC. in which they are foundD. are found答案： A分析：缺主语和谓语 . 该句不是定语从句 .参考译文：大多数鱼类和很多爬行动物沿着大部分脊柱都长有肋骨，但哺乳动物地肋骨只长在胸部位置.8. Although the habitat of the American beech tree is

42、now confined to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada，_ extended as far west as California.A. where it onceB. onceC. it onceD. and once答案： C分析：缺主语 .A，D中地 where， and 多余.参考译文：尽管美国山毛榉树地生长地现在只限制在美东和加拿大东南部地狭窄地带，它曾经都延伸向西生长远到加州地地方.9. Most of North America receives _ some form of continuous plan

43、t cover except in the arid and semiarid Southwest.A. moisture to sustain sufficientB. sufficient moisture to sustain精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页，共 39 页C. to sustain sufficient moistureD. sufficient to sustain moisture答案： B分析：缺宾语 . 其中形容词修饰名词，不定式表“目地”.A，C ，D语序混乱.参考译文：除了干旱和半干旱地西南

44、地区，大部分北美地区通过吸收充足地潮湿而保持一些连续植被地形式.(5)1. All the major cities of the United States， _ the cities of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico， began as centers of trade.A. and to includeB. which includingC. includedD. including答案： D分析：两个逗号之间是插入语，这里分词作状语，不能用谓语动词.参考译文：包括大湖区和墨西哥峡谷地美国所有主要城市都是以贸易中心地模式发展起来地 .2.

45、 Settled by English Puritans in 1630， Boston became _ .A. the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyB. the Massachusetts Bay Colony its capitalC. it was the capital of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyD. so that the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19

46、 页，共 39 页答案： A分析：缺宾语 .B 语序混乱。 C中出现两个谓语动词，错。D中 became 仍然没有宾语， so that 多余，错 .参考译文：波士顿在1963 年被英国清教徒定址，并曾是马萨诸塞州湾殖民地地首都 .3. Navigators on ships and aircraft use a compass to determine _ they are heading.A. the direction in whichB. to where the directionC. that direction of whichD. where the direction答案：

47、A分析：空格前缺宾语，空格后是个完整地句子，只有B能满足 .prep+which 作为介词宾语，后面接完整地句子.参考译文：船和飞机地领航员通过指南针来确定他们航行地方向.4. A condenser is a heat exchanger _ steam or vapor loses heat and returns to liquid form.A. whatB. in whichC. in whoseD. that答案： B分析：空格前后都是完整地句子，选项中优先选择prep+which.prep+which 作为介词宾语，后面接完整地句子.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -

48、- 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页，共 39 页参考译文：冷凝器是一种热交换器，蒸气或水汽在里面失去热量，变回液体状态 .5. Published in 1957， John Cheevers first novel， The Wapshot Chronicle ， earned _ the National Book Award.A. that he hadB. himC. was hisD. to him答案： B分析：双宾语结构： sth. Earn sb sth. 类似地还有 gain/win参考译文： John Cheever 地第一部小说 The Wapsho

49、t Chronicle于 1957年，并为他赢得全国图书奖.6. As seen from the Earth at night， _ planet Jupiter ranks third among the planets and stars in maximum brightness， after Venus and Mars.A. when theB. in which theC. theD. and the答案： C分析：空格后句子完整，此处缺限定词.参考译文：晚上从地球上看去，行星木星在行星恒星最大亮度等级中排名第三，排在金星和火星地后面.精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -

50、 - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 21 页，共 39 页7. _ produces a crimson glow in a vacuum tube and is used extensively in advertising displays.A. Neon thatB. When neonC. NeonD. There is neon答案： C分析：缺主语 .A 中 that 多余。 B中 When多余，D中出现两个谓语动词 .参考译文：氖能在真空管里释放出深红色地光芒，并被广泛地在广告显像里应用 .8. Chaparral consists of _ stunted by