《国际工商管理》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Part One:Environmental FoundationChapter One:Worldwide Developments1Objectives of the ChapterREVIEW current trends in international investment and tradeEXAMINE the present economic status in the major regions of the global communityANALYZE some of the major developments and issues in various regions

2、 of the world2IntroductionInternational ManagementThe process of applying management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment3Multinational Corporation(MNC)Operates in more than one countrySells its products in international marketsManagers and owners are of different nationalitiesMust

3、 learn to work effectively with people from different countries4Small and medium-sized businesses are being affected by the trend toward internationalization5Increasing InternationalizationRegional DevelopmentsNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)A free trade agreement between the U.S.,Canada,a

4、nd Mexico which has in essence removed all barriers to tradeMay expand to include Latin American countries6European Union(EU)Consists of 27(2010)countriesMost trade barriers have been removedEuro is the common currencyPacific Rim Japan and China are the dominant economiesAssociation of Southeast Asi

5、an Nations(ASEAN)7International Investment and TradeForeign direct investment(FDI)The amount invested in another countryApproximately 80%of all international investments come from developed countries8International trade has increased substantially over the last two decadesPercentage of world trade a

6、ccounted for by the three major trading blocs has remained fairly consistentGroups share of imports and exports remains in the range of 55-59 percent9-MNCs buy domestic companies rather than trying to export products to that country10RECENT TRENDS IN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES.2007-

7、9-9Table 1-111Table 1-2 Top 10 trading Partners of the U.S.:1999 Importing U.S.Exporting U.S.Rank Country/District Exports*RankCountry/District Imports*in millions of dollars 12Table 1-3 Top Ten Countries/District with which the U.S.Trades:For the month of June 2007 The values given are for Imports

8、and Exports added together.These Countries/District represent 66.85%of U.S.Imports,and 64.64%of U.S.Exports in goods.Source:.2007-9-913Country/District NameTotal in Billions of U.S.$Year To Date Total in Billions of U.S.$Canada49.49277.07China32.96178.59Mexico29.62167.92Japan17.29103.08Federal Repub

9、lic of Germany11.9569.74United Kingdom9.2853.65Korea,South7.1441.37France5.9633.91Taiwan5.6830.95Netherlands4.2724.9314Table 1-4 Top Ten Countries/District with which the U.S.Trades:For the month of June 2010 The values given are for Imports and Exports added together.These Countries/District repres

10、ent 66.75%of U.S.Imports,and 62.08%of U.S.Exports in goods.Source:.2010-8-1615Country/District NameTotal in Billions of U.S.$Year To Date Total in Billions of U.S.$Canada46.98260.74China39.58201.86Mexico33.70187.65Japan15.2785.13Federal Republic of Germany11.2961.53United Kingdom8.7748.14Korea,South

11、7.7241.58Taiwan5.3628.46Brazil5.2427.77France5.2231.6216Economic Status and Issues of the Major RegionsNorth AmericaNAFTA has resulted in:Elimination of tariffs as well as import and export quotasOpening of government procurement markets to companies in partner countries17Increased opportunity to ma

12、ke investments in partner countriesIncreased ease of travel between partner countriesRemoval of restrictions on agricultural products,auto parts,and energy goods18United StatesU.S.MNCs have holdings throughout the worldForeign MNCs find U.S.to be a lucrative market19North America(cont.)CanadaU.S.s l

13、argest trading partnerLegal and business environments similar to those of the U.S.Target of increased international investment20MexicoEconomic fortunes have varied in the recent pastMexican firms expanding worldwide operations21Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)South AmericaCount

14、ries have experienced difficult economic problems22BrazilAttracted substantial foreign investmentEconomic future still uncertainChileEconomic success story in South AmericaFuture still uncertain23Mercosur and Andean Common Marketpromote economic and social integration and cooperationCountries increa

15、singly looking to trade with the U.S.24Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)EuropePrivatization of traditionally nationalized industriesEUintended eliminate all trade barriers among member countries25EU-based firms“plan globally,act locally”To gain a foothold in the EU,foreign MNCs

16、have:created acquisitions and alliancesbegun co-operative research and development programs26European Research Cooperation AgencyEU agency that funds projects in a number of fields to make Europe more productive and competitive in the world marketFuture challenge is the absorption of formerly commun

17、ist Eastern neighbors27Europe(cont.)Central and Eastern EuropeCollapse of the Soviet Union in 1991Glasnost(openness)Perestroika(economic and political restructuring)28RussiaUndergone economic reformMany attempts to stimulate the economyGreater privatization requiredCriminal activity increasing29Czec

18、h Republic,Hungary,and PolandFormer communist countries that have become most visible in international arenaSome former communist countries are struggling30Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)AsiaJapanEconomic success in the 1970s and 1980s attributed to:Cultural values31Ministry o

19、f International Trade and IndustryGovernment agency that identifies and ranks national commercial pursuitsGuides the distribution of national resources to meet these goals32KeiretsusOrganizational arrangement in which a large group of vertically integrated companies are bound together by cross-owner

20、ship,interlocking directorates,and social ties provide goods and services33Severe recession during the past ten yearsTarget for foreign investment34Asia(cont.)ChinaLarge reported annual growth in GDPAttracts substantial foreign investmentMNCs find it difficult to do business in China35The Four Tiger

21、sSouth KoreaChaebolsLarge,family-held conglomerates that have considerable political and economic powerHit hardest by Southeast Asia economic crisis36The Four Tigers(cont.)Hong KongHeadquarters for successful multinational operations in Asia37SingaporeLeader and financial center of Southeast AsiaOne

22、 of the most competitive nationsTaiwanEconomy dominated by technologically sophisticated industries38Southeast Asian CountriesBaby Tigers lack the economic prowess of the Four Tigers39Table 1-5 Worlds Most Competitive Nations/District:2000 RankUnited States 1Singapore2Finland3Netherlands4Switzerland

23、5Luxembourg6Ireland7Germany8Sweden 9Iceland 10Canada 11Denmark 12Australia 13Hong Kong 14United Kingdom 1540Country Rankings 2009-20101.Switzerland 9.Canada2.US 10.Netherlands3.Singapore 11.Hong Kong SAR4.Sweden 12.Taiwan,China5.Denmark 13.United Kingdom 6.Finland 14.Norway7.Germany 15.Australia 8.J

24、apan 29.China Source:http:/.2010-8-17Table 1-6 Worlds Most Competitive Nations/Districts:2009-2010 Rank41Characteristics of Less Developed CountriesLowGDPHighinternationaldebtSlow(ornegative)GDPgrowth percapitaLargepopulationHighunemploymentInexpensiveunskilled orsemi-skilledlaborLessDevelopedCountr

25、ies42Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)Less Developed Countries(LDCs)IndiaSteady economic growth in the past few yearsAttractive to investment by MNCs43Middle East and Central AsiaOil reserves are an attractive economic assetBalance geopolitical,religious forces with economic viabilityOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)44AfricaInternational trade not a major source of incomeSub-Saharan nations troubled by tribal warfare,disease,poverty,and starvation45