《Life of Pi and R v Dudley and Stephens An Intertextual Reading 《少年派的奇幻漂流》与诉杜德利与斯蒂芬案：互文性阅读.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Life of Pi and R v Dudley and Stephens An Intertextual Reading 《少年派的奇幻漂流》与诉杜德利与斯蒂芬案：互文性阅读.doc（26页珍藏版）》请在得力文库 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、苏州大学本科生毕业论文苏州大学外国语学院本科毕业论文(2018届)题 目：Life of Pi and R v Dudley and Stephens: An Intertextual Reading少年派的奇幻漂流与诉杜德利与斯蒂芬案：互文性阅读专 业：英语(师范)姓 名：刘媚指导教师：黄芝教授提交日期：2018年3月 苏州大学本科生毕业论文ContentsContentsIAbstractII摘要IIIChapter One Introduction11.1 Introduction to Yann Martels Life of Pi11.2 Introduction to R v Du
2、dley and Stephens11.3 Literature Review21.4 Intertextuality: An Overview4Chapter Two AbsorptionExploration of Human Nature62.1 The Origin of Richard Parker62.2 The Shipwreck72.3 The Cannibalism8Chapter Three AdaptionEcological Concerns and Religious Belief103.1 The Story of Richard Parker103.2 The A
3、dventure of Pi123.3 The Brutality of Cannibalism13Chapter Four Conclusion16References18Acknowledgements20文献综述AbstractYann Martels Life of Pi is a Canadian novel about Pis fantasy adventure, which won many prizes and received many comments. Most scholars may focus on the symbology, ecology, religion
4、and multiculture in this novel, especially the relationship between human being and nature. Actually, it is a meaningful novel with abundant elements that can be analyzed. Intertextuality, among others, looks into its connection with some classical texts, such as Robinson Crusoe and the Old Man and
5、the Sea. This thesis offers an investigation into the intertextuality between Life of Pi and R v Dudley and Stephens, a famous English criminal case. With the intertextual reference, Martel indicates some themes that correspond with the case, primarily exploration of human nature. In addition, throu
6、gh an intertextual reading, some themes sublimated from the adaption can be found in this novel, including ecological concerns and religious belief, especially the relationship between human and nature.The first chapter of this thesis is an introduction, including the introduction to Yann Martels Li
7、fe of Pi, the introduction to R v Dudley and Stephens, literature review and an overview of intertextuality. The second chapter is about the absorption in Life of Pi, studying Martels exploration of human nature. This chapter contains three partsthe origin of Richard Parker, the shipwreck and cannib
8、alism. The third chapter is to analyze the adaption in this novel, focusing on the authors ecological concerns and religious belief. This chapter also can be divided into three sections, including the story of Richard Parker, the adventure of Pi and the brutality of cannibalism. The fourth chapter i
9、s the conclusion of this thesis and some defects are involved in it.Key words: Intertextuality, Life of Pi, R v Dudley and Stephens摘要扬马特尔的少年派的奇幻漂流是一本关于Pi的奇幻冒险的加拿大小说。这本书获得了许多奖项并收到了很多评论。大部分学者关注小说中的象征主义，生态主义，宗教信仰和跨文化观念，尤其是人与自然的关系。事实上，这是一本饱含意义的小说，有大量可以被分析的元素。其中，互文性探讨它和一些经典文本互文的研究，例如鲁滨逊漂流记和老人与海。本文所要研究的是少
10、年派的奇幻漂流与著名英国刑事案件诉杜德利与斯蒂芬案的互文性。在互文引用中，马特尔体现了一些与案件一致的主题，主要是人性的探索。此外，通过互文性阅读，在小说中能找到一些由对案件的改编而升华的思想。例如，生态关怀，宗教信仰等，尤其是人与自然的关系。这篇论文的第一个章节是介绍部分，包括对扬马特尔的小说少年派的奇幻漂流的介绍，对诉杜德利与斯蒂芬案的介绍，文献综述和对互文性理论的概述。第二章节关于小说对案件的吸收，研究作者在小说中对人性的探索。这个章节有三个部分，分别是理查德帕克的背景，船只失事，食人情节。第三章节关于小说对案件的改编，主要研究作者体现的生态关怀和宗教信仰。这个章节可以被分为三部分，包含
11、理查德帕克的经历，派的冒险经历和食人案的暴行。第四个章节是总结，包含本篇论文的一些不足之处。 关键词：互文性，少年派的奇幻漂流，诉杜德利与斯蒂芬案22苏州大学本科生毕业论文Chapter One Introduction1.1 Introduction to Yann Martels Life of PiYann Martel is a Spanish-born Canadian author. When he was young, he lived in many countries, such as Portugal, France, Mexico, Alaska and Canada.
12、And as an adult, he travelled through South America, Iran, Turkey and India. In India he visited mosques, churches, temples and zoos.He started writhing when he was at university. His first published work was Seven Stories in 1993 and then he published The Facts Behind the Helsinki Roccamatios and S
13、elf. In 2001, he published Life of Pi, an Canadian fantasy adventure novel. He said he was inspired to write a story about a boy sharing a lifeboat with a wild animal, which is known as Life of Pi later, after reading a review of the novellaMax and the Catsby Brazilian authorMoacyr Scliar. In this n
14、ovel, the protagonist, “Pi”(Piscine Molitor Patel), an Indian boy from Pondicherry, survives after a shipwreck and strapped on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker for 227 days. It won theMan Booker Prize for Fictionin 2002 and won the Asian/Pacific American Award
15、 for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 20012003. Whats more, it was adapted into a survival drama film directed by Ang Lee in 2012. It also received lots of comments. Most scholars try to analyze this novel through the symbology, ecology, religion multiculture, intertextuality in this novel
16、, especially the relationship between human being and nature.1.2 Introduction to R v Dudley and StephensR v Dudley and Stephens is an English criminal case in 1884 which concerned cannibalism after a shipwreck and showed that necessity is not a defence to a charge of murder. (Allan, 2010)The English
17、 yacht Mignonette was running on 5 July in 1884 with a crew of four: Tom Dudley, the captain; Edwin Stephens; Edmund Brooks; and Richard Parker, the cabin boy. Parker was 17 years old, orphaned, and an inexperienced seaman. (Simpson, 1984) However, a wave struke the yacht suddenly. Mignonettesank wi
18、thin five minutes after being struck and the crew abandoned ship for the lifeboat along with two tins ofturnipsand no fresh water.Unfortunately, Richard Parker was ill and they finished eating food. On 16 or 17 July, they discussed that they should draw lots to choose one of them as a sacrificial vi
19、ctim to die so that he can feed the others. On 21 July, it seems that they tended to intensify the debate but they did not get resolution. On 23 or 24 July, when Parker was probably in a coma, Dudley raised the way of drawing lots and told the others that in order to keep the others survival one of
20、them should die to feed others. But Brooks refused. That night, Dudley again proposed the thought with Stephens and pointed out that Parker was probably dying. He also mentioned that he and Stephens had wives and families. And then they agreed to leave the matter until the morning. The next day, wit
21、h no rescue in sight, they decided to kill him for food. Brooks claimed that he had neither consent nor objection. The three fed on Parkers body and Dudley and Brooks ate the most and Stephens ate very little. Dudley later described the scene, “I can assure you I shall never forget the sight of my t
22、wo unfortunate companions over that ghastly meal we all was like mad wolfs who should get the most and for men fathers of children to commit such a deed we could not have our right reason.” (Simpson, 1984: 68) On 29 July the crew saw a sail and were rescued. (Simpson, 1984) After a trial they were c
23、onvicted of murder and sentenced to death, but this sentence was commuted to six months in prison.This case is discussed until now. More people argued that if these crew should be sentenced and how to deal with this kind of case that people kill others for need under desperate circumstance. Whats mo
24、re, this case is regarded as the trial of humanity.1.3 Literature ReviewThere are many literatures in different directions both at home and abroad, including symbology, ecological concerns, religious beliefs, post-colonialism and intertextuality in it.Because of the novels fantansy, articles about s
25、ymbology in Life of Pi are in a large number, which mainly focus on the animals in the novel. Li(2015) insists that in the first story Richard Parker represents the vicious side of humanity and that Pi represents the kind side. At last, their peaceful coexistence indicates human beings wisdom or goo
26、d sense overcomes the beast. In the second story, the injuredGrants zebra represents the docile people, the spotted hyena representing the bad, the orangutan representing mother and Richard Parker representing Pi. Life of Pi indicates how to get along with yourself through the symbols of the animals
27、. Wei(2013) adds that another interpretation is that the injured Grants zebra corresponds with the sailor with a broken leg. The spotted hyena corresponds with the cook. The orangutan corresponds with Pis mother. The Bengal tiger Richard Parker is connected with the cabin boy victim with the same na
28、me of shipwreck inR v Dudley and Stephens.Not only quite a few studies of Life of Pi are about symbology, but also plenty of studies are about ecological concerns. The studies on ecology in Life of Pi mostly focus on the relationship between human beings and nature and call on the harmony between na
29、ture and human beings. Wang(2014) states that Yann Martel shows his ecological consciousness in Life of Pi from three levels. First, human beings are rational and merciful managers. Second, human beings transform themselves from anthropocentrism to ecological intersubjectivity. Third, nature is the
30、universal belief in the time of global localization. Wang and Wu(2014) both believe that Martel conveys criticism on human beings conquest and domination of nature and on the human beings lust in this novel. Pi wanted to conquer Richard Parker but he changed to survive with this tiger peacefully, wh
31、ich indicates that human beings can not conquer nature or even remake nature. Martel calls on the harmony between nature and human beings and asks readers to treat the relationship between nature and human beings from the aspect of the whole interest of ecology.Life of Pi contains many elements of r
32、eligion, especially elements of Christianity, such as the open ending and Pis Christian faith. Ai(2014) thinks that the writer with no faith in it chose to believe the story with tiger and follow God to believe miracles, which corresponds Faith in Christianity. Pis experience was like Jobs suffering
33、, which indicates the same theme suffering and belief with Christianity. Whats more, the small island that killed many travellers indicates that human beings should go on with Faith rather than indulging in peace and happiness, corresponding with the theme against ease in Christianity. There are man
34、y studies focus on post-colonialism in this novel. Yao(2013) insists that Martel discusses the native Indianss cultural identity, language habit and religious belief. Pi was an Indian boy in a French colonyPondicherry from the start and he became an Indian immigrant in Canada after his drifting on o
35、cean. He could not assimilate into French culture or Canadian culture and was always seeking his cultural identity. Pi and his family spoke in English and French rather than native language. Pi believed in Hinduism, Christianity and Muslim, which shows that his religious beliefs was confusing and di
36、verse. Yao points out that every nation should struggle to break the cultural relativism and cherish and protect the nations own culture with the development of globalization.In addition, Slapkauskaite(2005) trys to test the possibilities of the logic of intertextual reading in Yann Martels Life of
37、Pi. Slapkauskaite points out that there are many evidences about the intertextuality in Life of Pi. Pi combines religious and zoological studies. The intertextual reference to Hinduism, Christianity and Islam indicates that for Pi, different religions only offer different ways of achieving epiphany.
38、 Thus, Pi shows his love for God, which causing his love of animals. Martel indicates his love of animals and nature here. Life of Pi has connection with Defoes Robinson Crusoe and Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea. By way of drawing an intertextual parallel between the experience of main character
39、s in these novels, “Martels novel significantly alludes to the interrelationship of faith and knowledge as the constitutive forces of survival under desperate circumstances.” (Slapkauskaite, 2005: 145) Life of Pi is worth studying and there are many theses about it under different perspective, espec
40、ially of symbology and ecology. The theses about symbolgy of this novel are well researched and usually share the similar topics and opinions. Besides, the theses about ecology of this novel also share the similar opinions with varying degrees of analysis. Compared with them, the theses about religi
41、on and multiculture are fewer. The theses about religion mainly focus on Christianity and the theses about multiculture was mostly written about post-colonialism. There are few theses about intertextuality in this novel, which focuses on the intertextual reference to Robinson Crusoe and The Old Man
42、and the Sea. It is acknowledged that through symbols and intertextual references, Yann Martel explore human nature and indicates his ecological concerns, religious belief and his ideology of post-colonialism in this novel.1.4 Intertextuality: An OverviewIntertextuality has become a buzzword in in co
43、ntemporary literary theories and cultural studies. It is a kind of text theory which shapes texts meanings by other texts. It can include an authors borrowing and transformation of a prior text or a readers referencing of one text in reading another text. Just as Graham Allen writes that texts have
44、no unity or unified meaning on their own, they are thoroughly connected to on-going cultural and social processes. (Allen, 2000:37) Intertextuality begins with Ferdinand de Saussures structuralist linguistics and Mikhail M. Bakhtins theories dialogism, which provided academic sources for Kristevas “
45、intertextuality”. This term was first put forward by French semioticist Julia Kristeva in the 1960s. Under the contemporary trend of poststructuralism, Kristeva defines intertextuality in a broad way. She argues, “any text is constructed of a mosaic of quotations; any text is the absorption and tran
46、sformation of another.” (Kristeva, 1986: 36) Whats more, Roland Barthes and J. Jacques Derrida agree with Kristeva. For Barthes, the text is “the fabric of the words” and the words are arranged to convey a stable and unique meaning. (Barthes, 1981:32). Derrida thinks that the stable and unique meani
47、ng cant be imposed with the analysis of a single text. However, Gerard Genette and Michael Riffaterre give the definition of it in a narrow way. They argue that intertextuality is just a relationship between a text and other texts that exist in this text. Genette put forward the term “transtextualit
48、y”, which refers all that makes the text in a relationship with other texts whether the relationship is obvious or concealed. (Genette, 1997:1) He divided it into five types: intertextuality, paratextuality, metatextuality, hypertextuality and architextuality. For Riffaterre, intertextuality is “the web of functions that constitutes and regulates the relationship between text and intertext”. (Riffaterre, 1990: 57)Nowadays, “todays theories of intertextuality are structural in focus, as we shall see, but depend upon an implied theory of reading or decoding”, Li
黑公网安备:91230400333293403D