2019.6六级真题第三套.docx

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1、2019年6月大学英语六级考试真题(第3套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the importance of motivation and methods in learning. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words._Part Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)说明：由于2019年6月六级考试全

2、国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。Part Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage thro

3、ugh carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onAnswer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Steel is valued for its reliability, but

4、not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel 26 become brittle (脆的) at temperatures below about -25 unless they are mixed with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of steel has been developed that resists 27 at much lower temperatures, while retaining its strength and toughness without the need for

5、 expensive 28 .Steels fragility at low temperatures first became a major concern during the Second World War. After German U-boats torpedoed (用鱼雷攻击) numerous British ships, a 2,700-strong fleet of cheap-and-cheerful“Liberty ships”was introduced to replace the lost vessels, providing a lifeline for t

6、he 29 British. But the steel shells of hundreds of the ships 30 in the icy north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and sank.Brittleness remains a problem when building steel structures in cold conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic. So scientists have 31 to find a solution by mixing it with expensi

7、ve metals such as nickel.Yuuji Kimura and colleagues in Japan tried a more physical 32 . Rather than adding other metals, they developed a complex mechanical process involving repeated heating and very severe mechanical deformation, known as tempforming.The resulting steel appears to achieve a combi

8、nation of strength and toughness that is 33 to that of modem steels that are very rich in alloy content and, therefore, very expensive.Kimuras team intends to use its tempformed steel to make ultra-high strength parts, such as bolts. They hope to reduce both the number of 34 needed in a construction

9、 job and their weightby replacing solid supports with 35 tubes, for example. This could reduce the amount of steel needed to make everything from automobiles to buildings and bridges.A) abruptly I) crackedB) additives J) fracturesC) approach K) hollowD) ardently L) relevantE) besieged M) reshuffledF

10、) channel N) strivedG) comparable O) violentH) componentsSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may

11、choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.The future of personal satellite technology is hereare we ready for it?A) Satellites used to be the exclusive playthings of rich governments and wealth

12、y corporations. But increasingly, as space becomes more democratized, they are coming within reach of ordinary people. Just like drones (无人机) before them, miniature satellites are beginning to fundamentally transform our conceptions of who gets to do what up above our heads.B) As a recent report fro

13、m the National Academy of Sciences highlights, these satellites hold tremendous potential for making satellite-based science more accessible than ever before. However, as the cost of getting your own satellite in orbit drops sharply, the risks of irresponsible use grow. The question here is no longe

14、r“Can we?”but“Should we?”What are the potential downsides of having a slice of space densely populated by equipment built by people not traditionally labeled as“professionals”? And what would the responsible and beneficial development and use of this technology actually look like? Some of the answer

15、s may come from a nonprofit organization that has been building and launching amateur satellites for nearly 50 years.C) Having your personal satellite launched into orbit might sound like an idea straight out of science fiction. But over the past few decades a unique class of satellites has been cre

16、ated that fits the bill: CubeSats. The“Cube”here simply refers to the satellites shape. The most common CubeSat is a 10cm cube, so small that a single CubeSat could easily be mistaken for a paperweight on your desk. These mini-satellites can fit in a launch vehicles formerly“wasted space.”Multiples

17、can be deployed in combination for more complex missions than could be achieved by one CubeSat alone.D) Within their compact bodies these minute satellites are able to house sensors and communications receivers/transmitters that enable operators to study Earth from space, as well as space around Ear

18、th. Theyre primarily designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO)an easily accessible region of space from around 200 to 800 miles above Earth, where human-tended missions like the Hubble Space Telescope and the International Space Station (ISS) hang out. But they can attain more distant orbits; NASA plans fo

19、r most of its future Earth-escaping payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to carry CubeSats.E) Because theyre so small and light, it costs much less to get a CubeSat into Earths orbit than a traditional communications or GPS satellite. For instance, a research group here at Arizona State Univer

20、sity recently claimed their developmental small CubeSats could cost as little as $3,000 to put in orbit. This decrease in cost a11ows researchers, hobbyists and even elementary school groups to put simple instruments into LEO or even having them deployed from the ISS.F) The first CubeSat was created

21、 in the early 2000s, as a way of enabling Stanford graduate students to design, build, test and operate a spacecraft with similar capabilities to the USSRs Sputnik (前苏联的人造卫星). Since then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance Office and even Boeing have all launched and operated CubeSats. There arc more

22、 than 130 currently in operation. The NASA Educational Launch of Nano Satellite program, which offers free launches for educational groups and science missions, is now open to U.S. nonprofit corporations as well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket scientists anymore.G) The National Academy

23、of Sciences report emphasizes CubeSats importance in scientific discovery and the training of future space scientists and engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that widespread deployment of LEO CubeSats isnt risk-flee. The greatest concern the authors raise is space debrispieces of“junk”that orbit the

24、 earth, with the potential to cause serious damage if they collide with operational units, including the ISS.H) Currently, there arent many CubeSats and theyre tracked closely. Yet as LEO opens up to more amateur satellites, they may pose an increasing threat. As the report authors point out, even n

25、ear-misses might lead to the“creation of a burdensome regulatory framework and affect the future disposition of science CubeSats.”I) CubeSat researchers suggest that nows the time to ponder unexpected and unintended possible consequences of more people than ever having access to their own small slic

26、e of space. In an era when you can simply buy a CubeSat kit off the shelf, how can we trust the satellites over our heads were developed with good intentions by people who knew what they were doing? Some“expert amateurs”in the satellite game could provide some inspiration for how to proceed responsi

27、bly.J) In 1969, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT) was created in order to foster ham radio enthusiasts (业余无线电爱好者) participation in space research and communication. It continued the efforts, begun in 1961, by Project OSCARa U.S.-based group that built and launched the very first nongov

28、ernmental satellite just four years after Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT was putting“amateur”satellites in orbit decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over time, its members have learned a thing or two about responsibility. Here, open.source development has been a central p

29、rinciple, Within the organization, AMSAT has a philosophy of open sourcing everythingmaking technical data on all aspects of their satellites fully available to everyone in the organization, and when possible, the public. According to a member of the team responsible for FOX 1-A, AMSATs first CubeSa

30、t, this means that there s no way to sneak something like explosives or an energy emitter into an amateur satellite when everyone has access to the designs and implementation.K) However, theyre more cautious about sharing information with nonmembers, as the organization guards against others develop

31、ing the ability to hijack and take control of their satellites. This form of“self-governance”is possible within long-standing amateur organizations that, over time, are able to build a sense of responsibility to community members, as well as society in general. But what happens when new players emer

32、ge, who dont have deep roots within the existing culture?L) Hobbyists and students are gaining access to technologies without being part of a long-standing amateur establishment. Theyre still constrained by funders, launch providers and a series of regulationsall of which rein in what CubeSat develo

33、pers can and cannot do. But theres a danger theyre ill-equipped to think through potential unintended consequences. What these unintended consequences might be is admittedly far from clear. Yet we know innovators can be remarkably creative with taking technologies in unexpected directions. Think of

34、something as seemingly benign as the cellphonewe have microfinance and text-based social networking at one end of the spectrum, and improvised (临时制作的) explosive devices at the other.M) This is where a culture of social responsibility around CubeSats becomes importantnot simply to ensure that physica

35、l risks are minimized, but to engage with a much larger community in anticipating and managing less obvious consequences of the technology. This is not an easy task. Yet the evidence from AMSAT and other areas of technology development suggests that responsible amateur communities can and do emerge

36、around novel technologies. The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that what an amateur communities considers to be responsible, actually is. Heres where there needs to be a much wider public conversation that extends beyond government agencies and scientific communities to include students, hobb

37、yists, and anyone who may potentially stand to be affected by the use of CubeSat technology.36. Given the easier accessibility to space, it is time to think about how to prevent misuse of satellites.37. A group of mini-satellites can work together to accomplish more complex tasks.38. The greater acc

38、essibility of mini-satellites increases the risks of their irresponsible use.39. Even school pupils can have their CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered launching cost.40. AMSAT is careful about sharing information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of their satellites.41. NASA offers to launc

39、h CubeSats free of charge for educational and research purposes.42. Even with constraints, it is possible for some creative developers to take the CubeSat technology in directions that result in harmful outcomes.43. While making significant contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose hazards t

40、o other space vehicles.44. Mini-satellites enable operators to study Earth from LEO and space around it.45. AMSAT operates on the principle of having all its technical data accessible to its members, preventing the abuse of amateur satellites.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section.

41、Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based

42、on the following passage.When I re-entered the full-time workforce a few years ago after a decade of solitary self-employment, there was one thing I was looking forward to the most: the opportunity to have work friends once again. It wasnt until I entered the corporate world that I realized, for me

43、at least, being friends with colleagues didnt emerge as a priority at all. This is surprising when you consider the prevailing emphasis by scholars and trainers and managers on the importance of cultivating close interpersonal relationships at work. So much research has explored the way in which col

44、legial (同事的) ties can help overcome a range of workplace issues affecting productivity and the quality of work output such as team-based conflict, jealousy, undermining, anger, and more.Perhaps my expectations of lunches, water-cooler gossip and caring, deep-and-meaningful conversations were a legac

45、y of the last time I was in that kind of office environment. Whereas now, as I near the end of my fourth decade, I realize work can be fully functional and entirely fulfilling without needing to be best mates with the people sitting next to you.In an academic analysis just published in the profoundl

46、y-respected Journal of Management, researchers have looked at the concept of “indifferent relationships”. Its a simple term that encapsulates (概括) the fact that relationships at work can reasonably be non-intimate, inconsequential, unimportant and even, dare I say it, disposable or substitutable.Ind

47、ifferent relationships are neither positive nor negative. The limited research conducted thus far indicates theyre especially dominant among those who value independence over cooperation, and harmony over confrontation. Indifference is also the preferred option among those who are socially lazy. Maintaining relationships over the long term takes effort. For some of us, too much effort.As noted above, indifferent relationships may not alw