大学课件:英语翻译技巧3增译法.ppt

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1、Amplification in Translation,增译法,译文不能对原文意思有任何的增加或减少,这是从事翻译工作必须遵守的一项基本要求。 但是,这并不是说译文在文字上不能有任何增减。 有时,为了确切、充分地表达原意,或为使译文生动、通顺,符合汉语的习惯,常常要在译文里做必要的文字上的增补或省略。,增词法(Amplification),增词法就是在翻译时根据意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加原文中虽无其词但有其义的一些词。 目的是使译文忠实表达原文的信息与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯。 要注意的是,增词绝不是无中生有,不是随意增加原文没有的意义,试译以下句子: 1. He bought her

2、 a Benz as a birthday gift. 2. We wont retreat; we never have and never will. 3. This laser copier is indeed cheap and fine. 4. 我不爱喝饮料。 5. 人和动物不同。,1. He bought her a Benz as a birthday gift. 他给她买了一辆奔驰汽车作为生日礼物。 2. We wont retreat; we never have() and never will(). 我们不会后退,我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不后退。 3. This la

3、ser copier is indeed cheap and fine. 这台激光复印机真是价廉物美。,1. Lexical Amplification(从词汇上考虑的增词) 2. Syntactical Amplification (从句法结构上考虑的增词) 3. Cultural Amplification (从文化上考虑的增词) 4. Rhetorical Amplification (从修辞上考虑),1. Lexical Amplification,1.1 增加动词 1.2 增加名词 1.3 增加概括词 1.4 增加副词 1.5 增加量词 1.6 增加表达复数的词 1.7 增加表达时态

4、的词,1. 1 增加动词,根据意义上的需要,可在名词前后增加动词使其意思明确,通顺自然。例: concert听音乐会; match观看比赛; party参加聚会; speech发表讲话; funeral出席葬礼,等等。,1)In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibition, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后的公报。,2)After the foo

5、tball match, hes got an important meeting. 在观看足球赛之后,他有一个重要会议要参加。 3)There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and flowers. 没有发表讲话,没有各国外交官到场,也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。,英语句子里为了避免用词重复,使文句简洁有力,往往省略和前面相同的谓语。 英译汉必要时可在译文里补上被省略的谓语,以符合汉语的表达习惯。,1) He went to primary school

6、 in NY and high school in Chicago. 他在纽约上小学,在芝加哥上中学。 2) Oil is obtained more easily than coal. 采油比采煤容易。 3) Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection () weakness, thrift () avarice. 过度勇敢即成鲁莽 ,过度的爱即成溺爱, 过度节俭即成贪婪。,1. 2 增加名词,Adding nouns after abstract nouns在抽象名词后面增加名词 Adding nouns after concret

7、e nouns 在具体名词后面增加名词 Adding nouns before adjectives 在形容词前面增加名词 Adding nouns after intransitive verbs 在不及物动词后面增加名词,a. 在抽象名词后面增加名词 英语中的主语有时用抽象名词或代词来代替具体的人、事物或者现象。 碰到这种情况的主语,如果不加字译出,会使译文的意思不够具体或不通顺。 至于要加上什么字眼合适,应该根据主语所包含的内容来决定。,抽象名词的加字译出:,英语中用表示一种状态、现象、心情、作风、制度等意思的抽象名词作主语,有时要加上适当的字,使之具体化译出。这类抽象名词多是动词或形容

8、词派生出来的名词。如: to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作 to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态 tense 紧张 tension 紧张状况 brave 勇敢 bravery 勇敢行为 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为 hostile 敌对 hostility 敌对态度/情绪,蒸发作用 吹毛求疵的作法 优雅气质 必要性 现代化 冷漠态度 转化过程 隔离政策/隔离措施 轻松愉快的心境,evaporation fault-finding gracefulness necessity

9、modernization indifference transformation segregation light-heartedness,1)We have made some achievements, and we must guard against complacency. 我们取得了一些成绩,但还要防止自满情绪。 2)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 3) Perfect preparation is the first step to the success of the party. 完美的准备工作是

10、 4) The intimacy between them can be found at the first sight. 他们之间的亲密关系一眼就能看出。,5) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1969年夏天,政府公开缓和与中国的紧张关系。 6) For many years there has been serious unemployment in that country. 多年来那个国家一直存在严重的失业现象。 7) The back

11、wardness of the Chinese football must be changed. 中国足球的落后状态必须改变。,b. 在具体名词后面增加名词a)当具体名词表达某种抽象概念时,在译文中也常常需要根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。 1) Heallowedthefather to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty。 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情,而判决他儿子有罪。,2) In the future, automation may enable human beings to enjoy far more

12、 leisure than they do today. 将来自动化可能使人类享受到比今天更多的空闲时间。,c. 在形容词前面增加名词 This new type of computer is indeed cheap and fine. 这部新型电脑真是价廉物美。,He is a complicated man-moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人喜怒无常,反复多变,有些忧郁寡欢。,d. 在不及物动词后面增加名词英语中的某些动词在用作不及物动词的时候,虽然后面并没有带宾语,但宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的。所以在翻译成汉语

13、时,往往要把隐含的宾语翻译出来。 1)Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活扫地、擦地板、收拾房间。,2)I could knit when I was seven. 我7岁时就会织毛衣。,1. 3 增加概括词,概括词是英汉两种语言所共有的,但有时英语句子中并没有出现概括词,而翻译的时候却往往可以加入“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词,同时省略掉英语中的连接词。,1. Like most wildlife,deer reproduce,grow,and store fa

14、t in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样,鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季,繁殖、生长储存脂肪。,2. The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo. 这个大厅有四大优点:宽敞、明亮、样式新颖、没有回声。,3. They talked about wage, price and inflation. 他们谈及工资、物价、通货膨胀等问题。,1. 4 增加副词

15、,有些动词根据原文的上下文可以增加适当的副词,以确切表示原意。 1)As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,2)The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐地散开了。,1. 5增加量词,英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用,不用加量词。而汉语往往要加入量词。 1)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 一轮红日从平静的海面冉冉升起。,2) Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.

16、 一弯新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云层里去了。,1. 6增加表达复数的词,汉语名词的复数没有词形变化,很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时,可在该名词的后面加“们”字,如“the teachers”“教师们”,或在该名词前家上“诸位”、“各位”,如“ladies and gentlemen” “诸位(各位)女士和先生”。,a. 增加重叠词表示复数 1)Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 2) All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马。,3)There were rows of houses which he had

17、never seen before. 一排排的房子,都是他从来没有见过的。,4) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。,b. 增加数词或其它词表示复数 1)The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。,2) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。,1.7 增加表达时态的词,英语动词有词形变化, 动词时态的表达靠动词词形变化或加助动词来实现,而汉语动词没有词形变化

18、, 表示时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词 。 因此,英译汉时表达时态要增加时态助词如“曾/已经/过/了/正在/着/在/将/就/要/会” 等。除此之外,为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比,往往须加一些其他的词。,a强调某种时间概念 1. The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 原来,是那位老人已经教会了孩子捕鱼,所以孩子很爱他。,2. I had never thought Id be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this ti

19、me I was. 以前我从未想过,当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时,我会感到高兴。但这次情况的确如此。 3. We can learn what we did not know. 我们能够学会原来不懂的东西。,b. 强调时间上的对比 1. It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are. 听说,从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。,2. I was, and remain, grateful for the part he played in my release. 我的获释也有

20、他的功劳。对此我过去很感激,现在仍然很感激。,3. He is rich now. But he used to be as poor as we are. 他现在是富了;可以前他和我们现在一样穷。,4. “You were, and remain, and will be my teacher forever.” (Mao Zedong) “你过去是我的老师,现在是我的老师,将来永远是我的老师。”,2. Syntactical Amplification (从句法结构上考虑的增词),2.1 增补原文中省略的动词 2.2 增补原文比较句中的省略部分 2.3 增补原文回答句中的省略部分 2.4

21、增补表示逻辑关系的词语,2. 1 增补原文中省略的动词,Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能,能也可以转化为物质。, Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度即成愚勇,感情过度即成溺爱,节俭过度即成贪婪。, A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive. 一个为剥削阶级所占

22、有,由剥削阶级所组成并为剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。, Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (Francis Bacon) 读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才,2. 2增补原文比较句中的省略部分,1) This is true of nations as it is of individuals. 国家是这样,个人也是这样。 2)Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. 从别人的失败中汲取教训比从自己的失败中汲取教训更好。,3)The

23、footman were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她,就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。,2.3 增补原文回答句中的省略部分,1)Is this your wallet ? Yes, it is. 这是你的钱包吗?是我的。 2)Dont you want Mr. Smith to be your tutor ? Yes, of course I do. 你不想让史密斯先生当你的导师吗?我当然想。,3) -Is this your book? -Yes, it is (). -这是你的书吗? -是

24、的,是我的。 “What! Dont you love him?” “Yes, of course, I do ().” “什么!难道你不爱他?” “我当然爱他!”,2.4 增补表示逻辑关系的词语,The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature. 即使是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则 I am in charge of the depot, only I. People will hold me responsible but not you. 只有我一个人负责管理这个仓库,出了事情别人找我,找不到你。,More thorough testin

25、g might have caught the failure initially. 如果测试更为彻底,也许一开始就能找出故障。 Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed. 准备工作完成不了,那可怎么办?,3. Cultural Amplification (从文化上考虑的增词),3.1增加比喻的喻意 3.2增加背景信息,3. 1增加比喻的喻意,Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说,衣柜里面藏骷髅,见不得人的事家家有。 Adv

26、ice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back. 劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。,3.2增加背景信息,The United States has now set up a loneliness industry. 美国现在已建立了一种为孤独的人们服务的社会项目。 The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字,祈求上帝保佑。,4. Rhetorical Amplification (从修辞上考虑),汉语中的语气助词很多,如“的” “吧”、“啊” 、“呀” “

27、嘛”、“吗” 、“啦” 、“了”、 “罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以表示不同的含义。在英译汉时,增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。另外,为了使译文更加生动通顺,译者也可以增加无损原意的四字词组,四字对偶词组和叠词。,4.1增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩; 4.2增加四字词组,四字对偶词组或叠词。,4.1 增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。 Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke. 不要认真嘛!这不过是开个玩笑而已。,As I snooze, she talks

28、 of anything, everything, all the things that women talk of: books, music, dress, men, other women. 我这边打着盹,她那里说着女人爱说的一切,什么书籍啦、音乐啦、服装啦、男人啦、别的女人啦,五花八门,包罗万象。,4.2 增加四字词组,四字对偶词组或叠词 Target priorities were established there. 目标的轻重缓急,孰先孰后,是在那里决定的。 But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事现在已

29、经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。,I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言无隐。,练一练:,1. This is the best solution to your problem. 2. Dont take it seriously, Im just kidding. 3. As for me, I have nothing to say. 4. Im really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview.

30、 5. Once I was his boss, but now he is mine.,1. This is the best solution to your problem. 这是你问题的最好解决办法。 2. Dont take it seriously, Im just kidding. 不要认真嘛!只不过开个玩笑罢了。 3. As for me, I have nothing to say. 我呢,也没有什么可说的了。 4. Im really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. 我今天上午的确很忙,要

31、上两节课,要 开一个会,还要接受一个采访。 5. Once I was his boss, but now he is mine. 我曾一度是他的上司;不过现在他领导我。,一.在斜体名词前后增加动词,1.They talked for almost eight hours,through dinner and well into the night. 他们谈了差不多八个小时,中间吃了一顿晚饭,接着谈到了深夜。 2.He favored the efforts to improve relations with all peace-loving countires. 他赞成为了同所有爱好和平的国

32、家改善关系而进行努力。 3.Noboday could count on his restraint or rationality,he said. 他说,谁也不能指望他会采取克制或讲道理的态度。 4.My work,my family,my friends were more than enough to fill my time. 我干活,我做家务,我有朋友来往,这些占用了我全部的时间。,二.斜体名词前增加形容词,1.This is grasping at straws,I know, said the hlepless man. “我知道,这是再抓救命的稻草。”他无可奈何地说。 2.Wi

33、th the meeting to begin in just a couple of hours,I had not the time to worry about such trifles. 不出两三个小时会议就要开始,我没有闲功夫为这些琐碎的事情操心 3.It will make a man of him,said jack.College is the place.“ “一定会把他早就成一个堂堂的男子汉,”杰克说,“是应该上大学嘛。”,三.斜体动词前增加副词,1.A seagull saw the light from my window and darted up to it. 一只

34、海鸥看见了从我窗户透出的灯光,就一下子朝它扑去。 2.Thet lingered on over his letter. 他们不断地反复玩味着他的来信。 3.He turned a chair around and straddled it,resting his chin on the back. 他把椅子转过来,叉开腿一屁股坐在上面,下巴搁在椅背上。,四.斜体不及物动词后增加名词,1.He began to see things and to understand. 他开了眼界,并懂得了一些名堂。 2.He ate and drank, for he was exhausted. 他吃了点

35、东西,喝了点酒,因为他疲惫不堪了。 3.The invading troops, looted and raped wherever they went. 入侵的士兵每到一处就抢劫财物,奸污妇女。,五.斜体字形容词前增加名词,1.He was wrinkled and black,with scant gray hair. 他满脸皱纹,皮肤黝黑,头发灰白稀疏。 2.They,weary but game,decided to take a break. 他们人已经疲倦而兴致甚高,决定先休息一下。 3.Blair came out of the hot mill into the damp wi

36、nd and cold wet streets,haggard and worn. 布莱尔面容憔悴,疲惫不堪,从闷热的工厂里走出来,到了阴冷的街道上。,六.斜体动词需要增加表示时间的词,1.I knew it quite well as I know it now. 我在当时就知道得同现在一样清楚。 2.Mother insisted to this day that she thought i was just joking. 直至今天母亲还坚持说,她当时以为我只是在开开玩笑罢了。 3.Tom looked older than his age,for he had had a hard life. 汤姆看起来不实际年龄要老一些,因为他曾经历过很艰苦的生活。,七.斜体词后增加量词,1.This too was a complete lie. 这也纯粹是一派胡言。 2.You might just take a look at my coat before this afternoon.See if it wants pressing. 你最好在下午以前瞧一下我的睡衣,看是否要熨一下。,

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