初中英语复习 冲刺备考笔记.doc

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1、英语冲刺笔记整理英语语法权威解析目录:第01章 名词性从句第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解第03章 高中英语语法中的省略现象第04章 主谓一致第05章 动词不定式第06章 倒装结构第07章 定语从句第08章 被动语态第09章 祈使句第10章 感叹句第11章 疑问句第12章 名词第一章 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一. 主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主

2、语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c) It

3、is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is + 名词 + 从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that 非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) It is + 形容词 + 从句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is

4、+ 不及物动词 + 从句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧It appears that 似乎(4) It + 过去分词 + 从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实It is said that 据说3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)It is said /reported结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week

5、.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(3)It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(4)It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It doesnt matter whether he is

6、wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that 则不然。例如：a) What you said yesterday is right.b) Th

7、at she is still alive is a consolation二.宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。b) I wonder whether you can change this note

8、 for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。(3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。2. 作介词的宾语，例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious

9、, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4. it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：We heard it that she would get

10、 married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词

11、不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine

12、等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三. 表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good pre

13、paration in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1) Th

14、e kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行

15、词，同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语)2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(

16、汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分)高一英语名词性从句专项练习1._he does has nothing to do with me.A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come aboutC. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3.

17、 Energy is _makes thing work.A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no id

18、ea at all_.A. where he has gone B. where did he goC. which place has he gone D. where has he gone7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the disease.A. that B. which C. of which D. of that8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning.A. that ;had to

19、 leave B. that; should leaveC. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match.A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research.A. that B. which C. whether D. if

20、11. Is _he said really true?A. that B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter.A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray.A. while B. if C. that D. for14. ?_more countries can use natural energy in the future re

21、mains to be seen.A. Whether B. This C. who D. If15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A. What B. That C. Whether D. If16. _you dont like him is none of my business.A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded.A. What; what B. T

22、hat; that C. what; that D. That ; what18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer.A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped20. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What B. That C. How D. WhereKeys:1

23、5 ABABC 610 AABAC 1115 BBCAB 1620 BCBAA第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解It 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：一、It用作实词表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that;替代前文中的内容;指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人;指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事;指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象二、It用作形式主语替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It 作形式主语的常见句型：1. 代作主语的

24、动词不定式，其句型为(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit,

25、useful, useless, dangerous例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例 Its kind of you to hel

26、p me with the problem.(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型Its no good/use doingIts (well)worth doingIts (well)worth ones while doing/to doIts (well)worth while doing/ to do例 Its no use crying over spilt milk.2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型(1) It is + noun +从句例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at off

27、ice.(2) It is adj. +clauseIts surprising that (should)竟然Its a pity/shame that(should)竟然例 Its important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=Its of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clauseIt+surprise/delight/int

28、erest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)(4) It verb (to sb.) that= sb/sth verb to do(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, tu

29、rn out , work out)例 It (so) happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)(5) It is v-ed that=sb/sth is to do(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know)例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(

30、=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)(6) It is v-ed that (should)(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型1. It takes sb. to do(=sb takesto do)某人用多长时间做某事例 It took the men a week to mend our ro

31、of.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)2. Its (just)(un)like sb. to do(不)像某人做某事的风格例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.3. Its (about/high) time that should /v-ed是该做某事的时候了例 Its(about/high) time that we should take action.4. Its the x-th time (that) have v-ed第几次做某事了例 Its the third time

32、 that he has failed the driving test.5. It is/has been since continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了例 Its 10 years that he lived here6. It was(not) before过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了例 It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。It 作形式宾语的常见句型：1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (fo

33、r/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep)例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that youll do the task on your own.2. verb+it+adj./noun (ones) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth ones while/a waste of time

34、/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep)例 Ill make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that (should)verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that(should)(verb=think, believe

35、, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep)例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5. v. +it + prep. + thatowe it to sb. that把归功于

36、leave it to sb that把留给某人去做take it for granted that 想当然keep it in mind that例 Dont bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, dont mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后例 I hate it you can swim so well

37、 and I cant.7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后(except that例外)例 Im for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who) 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity?2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由beca

38、use所引导的从句例 It was because he was ill that he didnt come to school yesterday.3. 在强调not until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别例 It was at 7 oclock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)It was 7 oclock when he ca

39、me here yesterday.(定语从句)六、It 常用的固定搭配1. make it(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例 Its hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”例 Shall we meet next week?OK. We just make it next Saturday.2. as it is(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是”例 We had planed to

40、 finish the task today, but as it is we probably wont finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”例 Leave the table as it is.3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4. if it werent for/if it hadnt been for用来引导虚拟语气，相当于withou

41、t, or but for, 表示“如果不是，要不是”例 If it werent for Tom, I wouldnt be alive today.5. thats it(1). 相当于Thats all. Thats so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”例 You can have one more sweet, and thats it.(2). 相当于 Thats right.表示“对啦”例 I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”Thats it.6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scol

42、ded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”例 Well really catch it form our teacher if were late for class again.7. have it(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.8. ha

43、ve what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9. so it seems / appears.10. Keep at it! (Dont give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”例 My teacher asked me to keep at it.11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞12. Now you have done it! (

44、You have done sth. wrong.)13. Now youll catch it! (Youll be punished.)14. As it happened, 在口语中，相当于its a pity that, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”例 As it happened, they were out.15. As it turned out,在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”例 As it turned out, his statement was false.16. Such as it is(they are)

45、 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Dont worry or dont hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”例 Take it easy! He will do it well.18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19. For what it is worth在口语中，相当于although Im not sure